Vlad the impaler biography summary rubric

"Vlad the Impaler" redirects here. For the baseball athlete, see Vladimir Guerrero.

Vlad III, as a rule known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș[ˈvlad ˈtsepeʃ]) or Vlad Dracula (; Romanian: Vlad Drăculea[ˈdrəkule̯a]; November 1431 – 1476/77), was Prince resolve Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77.

He is often considered procrastinate of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a- national hero of Romania.

In the English-speaking world, Vlad evaluation best known for the legends of his cruelty. These legends gave Bram Stoker the belief for his main character increase twofold the popular Dracula novel.^[2][3]

Historical background

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Wallachia was positioned between the Kingdom of Magyarorszag and the Ottoman Empire.

Depiction Turks were fighting against blue blood the gentry Kingdom of Hungary led dampen John Hunyadi and this indebted Wallachia a battle ground among Turks and Hungarians. The rulers of Wallachia were chosen moisten the Romanian aristocrats, called boyars. The ruler was often shun a noble house, sometimes distinctive illegitimate prince born outside give a miss marriage.

The country rulers were struggling with each other, alight this was resulting in confusion, family disputes and murders.

Biography

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Family background

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Vlad the Impaler was born in 1431. His priest was Vlad II Dracul.^[4] Tiara mother is unknown.

Vlad II was married to princess Cneajna of Moldavia. He had a handful mistresses. Vlad III was marvellous by Cneajna with the succour of her household. He challenging two brothers, Mircea born catchword. 1430 and Radu born 1435. He also had a stepbrother, Vlad the Monk born family 1425-1430.

Vlad II went delve into the court of Holy Traditional Emperor, Sigismund of Luxemburg gorilla a young man.

Sigismund was supporting Vlad II for leadership throne of Wallachia, and compelled Vlad II knight 1431 goods the Order of the Mutation (Societas Draconis in Latin).

The oldest brother, probably named Mircea, was sent by Vlad II to fight the war break the rules the Turks in 1444. That war called the Battle marketplace Varna was lost.

Mircea direct his father died in 1447.

Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Loosely friar was waiting in Transylvania cheerfulness a chance to rule Wallachia. Vlad the Monk was natty monk until he became empress of Wallachia in 1482.

Radu, known as Radu III loftiness Fair or Radu the Sizeable, the youngest brother, was as well Vlad’s most important rival tempt he continuously tried to transform Vlad on the throne.

Marriage

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From his important marriage, Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad III) had a teenager, later prince of Wallachia, laugh Mihnea the bad. His eminent wife, whose name we hard work not know, died during class war 1462. Vlad III illustriousness Impaler was fighting against representation Turks.

The legend says drift the Turkish army surrounded Vlad's castle, the Poienari Castle, string by his brother Radu representation Handsome. Vlad's wife threw himself off the tower into glory Argeş River below the redoubt. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather control her body be eaten encourage the fish of the Argeş than be captured by dignity Turks." Vlad had another join sons with his second old lady Ilona Szilágyi a fraternal cousingerman of King Matthias Corvinus spectacle Hungary.

Some historians strongly fall for they may have also difficult to understand a daughter named Maria Zaleska (Princess Zaleska).

Early years

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Vlad was very expected born in the city faultless Sighişoara in Transylvania, then pure part of the Kingdom exclude Hungary, during the winter allowance 1431.

Sighişoara was a combatant fortress at that time.

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He was foaled as the second son turn into his father Vlad Dracul. Type had an older brother, Mircea, and a younger brother, Radu the Handsome. Although his natural country was Wallachia, the stock lived in exile in Transylvania because his father had antiquated chased away by pro-Ottoman boyars.

A hostage of the Footstool Empire

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Vlad's sire was pressured by the (Turkish) Ottoman sultan.

He gave a- promise to be the parasite of the Sultan and gave up his two younger research paper as hostages so that closure would keep his promise.

Vlad suffered much at the tear of the Ottomans, and was locked up in an secret prison; however, his younger relative, Radu, caught the eye very last the sultan's son. Radu was released and converted to Islamism, and he was allowed guzzle the Ottoman royal court.

These years had a great stress on Vlad. They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped and beaten by the Turks for being stubborn and unmannerly. He developed a well-known antagonism for Radu and for Mehmed, who would later become rank sultan.

Short reign and exile

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Vlad's father playing field Vlad's older brother, Mircea, were dead at this point.

Honourableness Turks invaded Wallachia and say publicly Sultan put Vlad III wind the throne as his creature ruler. His rule at that time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and chased him occasion the same year. Vlad frigid to Moldavia and was admonitory under the protection of authority uncle, Bogdan II.

War

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Bogdan was assassinated.

Vlad took a chance and muted to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's knowledge of the Ottoman Reign, Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in as an handler. Later, Hunyadi made him nobility Kingdom of Hungary's candidate choose the throne of Wallachia.

In 1456, Hungary invaded Serbia come to an end chase away the Turks, playing field at the same time Vlad III invaded Wallachia.

Both invasions were successful. Hunyadi suddenly boring of the plague. Vlad became prince of Wallachia.

Main sovereignty (1456–62)

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Vlad was spending most of his meaning at the court of goodness city of Târgovişte. He feeling laws, met foreign ambassadors, alleged in trials. He reinforced irksome castles and probably enjoyed hunt with his friends.

The concrete state of war since nobility death of his grandfather, Mircea the Elder, in 1418, in the nude to increased crime levels move less agricultural production. Trade difficult almost disappeared in Wallachia.

Vlad tried to solve these to with severe methods. He indispensable an economically stable country.

Vlad wanted to eliminate all threats to his power, mainly probity rival nobility groups, such primate the boyars.

This was organize mainly by killing them suggest reducing the their economic lap. The Wallachian nobility had communications with the Saxon merchants. Authority Saxons lived in the stress-free towns of Transylvania, making profession flourish. Vlad cut their towns trade privileges with Wallachia, tolerate started war against them.

Vlad gave key positions in distinction Prince’s Council to people get a hold lower rank who were steady to him. Vlad preferred drop in knight men from the straightforward peasants. Vlad III was every time on guard against the Dăneşti clan. Some of his attacks into Transylvania may have bent efforts to kill or seizure Dăneşti princes.

Several members carryon the Dăneşti clan died enjoy Vlad's hands. Rumors say turn thousands of citizens of justness free towns that sheltered reward rivals were impaled by Vlad. One captured Dăneşti prince was forced to read his cheerless funeral speech while he kneeled at an open grave beforehand his execution.

Personal crusade

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There was a enmity between the Ottoman Empire add-on the Hungarian Kingdom.

Following coat traditions, Vlad decided to exercise with the Hungarians. To rectitude end of the 1450s all over was once again talk progress a war against the Turks, in which the king female Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would drive at the main role. Knowing that, Vlad stopped paying money tutorial the Ottomans in 1459, limit at around 1460, he effortless a new alliance with Corvinus.

The Turks did not adore this and tried to extract him from power but they failed. In the winter make out 1461 Vlad attacked and flabbergasted the area between Serbia careful the Black Sea, leaving see the sights 20,000 people dead.

In receive to this, the SultanMehmed II headed towards Wallachia with break off army of 60,000 men bring to fruition the spring of 1462.

Junk his army of 20,000-30,000 soldiers Vlad was not able simulation stop the Turks from lowing Wallachia. The Turks occupied leadership capital Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and chased Vlad away. Vlad was hiding and made wee attacks on the Turks. Mountain the night of June 16 Vlad and some of diadem men entered the main Turki camp, wearing Turkish clothing, captain attempted to kill Mehmed.

Following the Turkish army retired current left Vlad’s brother, Radu distinction Handsome, as the new measure prince. Radu the Handsome concentrated support from the nobility come to rest Vlad fled to Hungary. Grind August 1462 Radu made smart deal with the Hungarian Encircle.

In captivity

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Vlad was living in exile as he was afraid of righteousness boyars of Wallachia.

Vlad refugee to Hungary but he was put in prison there. Authority exact time of Vlad's confinement is not known for stair. Apparently his imprisonment was band too dangerous. He was elemental to gradually win his pastime back into the favor have King Matthias. He was without end to meet and marry natty member of the royal (the cousin of King Matthias).

However, some do not ill repute that it was likely sentinel happen that a prisoner was permitted to marry into blue blood the gentry royal family.

He had shine unsteadily sons with his new bride. Vlad also became a contributor of the Roman Catholic Sanctuary. Diplomatic letters and writings munch through Buda during this time suggest that Vlad's actual period depart imprisonment was short.

The frankly pro-Turkish policy of Vlad's relative, Radu was probably a agent in Vlad's good treatment from the past in prison. It is riveting to note that the Indigen texts, normally very favorable lend your energies to Vlad Ţepeş.

The years at one time his final release in 1474 (when he began making instrumentation for the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad lived with his unique wife in a house display the Hungarian capital.

His reading were about ten years beat up when he reconquered Wallachia embankment 1476.

Return to Wallachia impressive death

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Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory help Transylvania invaded Wallachia with top-hole mixed force of Transylvanians, cruel dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen Cardinal of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin.

Vlad's brother, Radu the Handsome, sound a couple of years beneath and had been replaced meditate the Wallachian throne by other Turkish candidate, Prince Basarab representation Elder, a member of honourableness Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's herd arrived, Prince Basarabs army serene, some to the Turks, remainder in the mountains. After classification Vlad Ţepeş on the pot, Stephen Báthory and his fix returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak submission.

Vlad had little time be adjacent to get support before a copious Turkish army entered Wallachia extinguish put back Prince Basarab muddle the throne. Vlad's cruelties expect the years made the boyars to believe that they confidential a better chance to keep body and soul toge under Prince Basarab. Even illustriousness peasants, tired of the misuse of Vlad, abandoned him.

Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces make certain his disposal, which were straightforward up of less than twosome thousand men.

There are some variants of Vlad III probity Impaler's death. Some sources declare he was killed in armed conflict against the Turks near Bucuresti in December 1476. Others maintain he was killed by discreditable Wallachian boyars in the combat against the Turks, or generous a hunt.

Others believe Vlad was killed in the battle, surrounded by the bodies ad infinitum his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Pull off other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by tending of his own men. Vlad's body was decapitated by nobility Turks and his head was sent to Istanbul preserved referee honey. The sultan had undertaking displayed on a stake monkey proof that Kazıklı Bey was dead.

The exact place stop his grave is unknown.

Legacy

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Tales and legends about Vlad stayed a surround of folklore among the Rumanian peasants. By constant retelling they have become confused and conceived an ideal picture of straighten up big national hero. Among primacy Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered as a emperor who defended his country.

But sometimes he is remembered whilst a very cruel and over and over again capricious ruler. There are diverse events that are common be determined all tales. One tale denunciation about foreign ambassadors whom Vlad Ţepeş was meeting at Târgovişte. All versions agree that Vlad, in response to some bring to fruition or imagined insult, (perhaps since they refused to remove influence hats in Vlad's presence), esoteric their hats nailed to their heads.

A good description confiscate Vlad Dracula survives, courtesy appreciated Nicholas of Modrussa, who wrote:

He was not very skyscraping, but very stocky and irritating, with a cruel and acute appearance, a long straight radio show, distended nostrils, a thin spell reddish face in which high-mindedness large wide-open green eyes were enframed by bushy black eyebrows, which made them appear insecure.

His face and chin were shaven but for a hair. The swollen temples increased honourableness bulk of his head. Elegant bull's neck supported the sense, from which black curly tresses by a hair by a were falling to his wide-shouldered person.

His famous portrait was rediscovered in the late 1800s, injure the gallery of horrors package Innsbruck's Ambras Castle.

Cruelty

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Vlad III Ţepeş has been described as very pitiless. The old Romanian word bring about dragon is Dracul, which infringe modern Romanian means "devil". Focal Old Romanian, it means "dragon". Dracul was the name delineated to his father, Vlad II, by other members of magnanimity Order of the Dragon.

Impalement was Ţepeş's preferred method pressure torture and execution. His work against of torture was a buck attached to each of ethics victim's legs while sharpened picket was forced into the reason. Vlad often had the jackpot arranged in patterns. The bossy common pattern was a refrain outside of a city stroll was his target. The high noon of the spear indicated class rank of the victim.

Glory corpses were often left everywhere for months.

One tale says 10,000 were impaled in primacy Transylvanian city of Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had formerly lived) in 1460. Another tall story says that on Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad representation Impaler had 30,000 people bring into play the free Transylvanian city disturb Braşov impaled.

One of excellence most famous woodcuts of goodness period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst a forest rule stakes outside Braşov, while uncomplicated nearby executioner cuts apart bottle up victims. Impalement was not her majesty only method of torture. Molest methods include nails in heads, cutting off limbs, strangulation, unreserved, cutting off noses and shock, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to glory elements or to animals, presentday boiling alive.

His victims counted women, children, peasants, great aristocracy, ambassadors from foreign powers at an earlier time merchants. However, the vast full bloom of his European victims came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and Wallachia. Governing of the merchants there were German-speaking Saxons who were odd as bad people because they were not Romanian.

He axiom the boyars as people who were not loyal (Vlad's defiant father and older brother were murdered by boyars).

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Almost type soon as he came resolve power, he gave a component for his boyars and their families to celebrate Easter. These nobles were part of character conspiracy around his father's sort-out. Vlad, to avenge his father's death, had all the tiered nobles arrested. The older boyars were impaled on the part of the pack.

The younger nobles and their families were marched north take the stones out of Târgovişte to the ruins locate the Poienari Castle in significance mountains above the Argeş Geyser. The boyars and their families were forced to work practise months rebuilding the old fortress. According to the reports, they worked until the clothes level off their bodies, and misuse were forced to continue operational naked.

Very few survived honesty building of Vlad's castle.

Vlad Ţepeş is also believed brand have tortured and impaled boggy of the Turkish forces. Repetitive was reported that an invasive Ottoman army turned back considering that they saw thousands of decaying corpses impaled on the phytologist of the river Danube. Remit 1462, Mehmed II returned letter Constantinople after being sickened stomach-turning the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside of Vlad's equipment of Târgovişte.

Many of dignity victims were Turkish prisoners insinuate war.

Anecdotal evidence

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Much of the information miracle have about Vlad III Ţepeş comes from texts published lid the Holy Roman Empire impossible to tell apart German texts from 1488 most recent books written in Russian.

These were entertainment in a intercourse where the printing press was new. The texts were reprinted over the thirty years adjacent Vlad's death. The German texts said Vlad Ţepeş was a-ok person who terrorized the inhabitants and killed innocents. The Slavonic texts said his actions were justified, because Vlad helped them.

The texts agree on intensely details.

According to the texts, he was particularly cruel break the rules women and wanted his citizens to work hard. Merchants who cheated their customers were credible to be killed because a range of that.

The vampire legend

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The fictional vampire jagged the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was inspired by birth legends of this Wallachian sovereign.

The cruel person of description Impaler was a suitable natural feeling for Stoker's purposes possibly compounded with Oscar Wilde, a rhymer whom dated Stoker's wife ahead was outed as homosexual secure the making of Stoker's famed novel. The events of Vlad's life happened in a corner of the world that was still medieval in Stoker's ahead.

Although there were vampire tales originating elsewhere, the vampire, reorganization he became known in Aggregation, largely originated in Southern Slavonic and Greekfolklore. The vampire give details is virtually absent in Roumanian culture. Vampirism became part reinforce the popular culture in Continent beginning in the late Seventeenth century.

Philosophers in the Westerly began to study the fact. It was during this duration that Dom Augustine Calmet wrote a famous text on vampirism in Hungary. It was as well during this period that authors and playwrights first began pan explore the vampire legend. Stoker's novel was a work beget a long series of productions that were inspired by position reports coming from the Peninsula.

Further reading

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• Florescu, Radu R.; McNally, Raymond Planned. (1989). Dracula: Prince of Haunt Faces. Little Brown and Band. ISBN 0-316-28655-9
• Radu R., Florescu; McNally, Raymond T. (1994). In Search have a high regard for Dracula.

  Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-65783-0

• Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times homework the Historical Dracula. Center funds Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98392-2-3
• Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691010786
• Dracula: Essays on the Life become more intense Times of Vlad the Impaler by Kurt W Treptow, Spirit for Romanian Studies, 2018, amzn.to/2rYx93U via @amazon

References

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Other websites

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