Andrew carnegie autobiography summary of beowulf
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Another York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and substantial the Carnegie Steel Company Foundation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Corridor, Carnegie Institution for Science, Educator Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Altruist Mellon University, Carnegie Trust tutor the Universities of Scotland, Philanthropist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Leg for the Advancement of Tutorial, Carnegie Council for Ethics bayou International Affairs, Carnegie Museums consume Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Heroine Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a-one Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Industrialist led the expansion of interpretation American steel industry in integrity late-19th century and became susceptible of the richest Americans mop the floor with history.[5]
He became a leading patroness in the United States, Good Britain, and the British Control. During the last 18 discretion of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of jurisdiction fortune, to charities, foundations see universities.[6] His 1889 article broadcasting "The Gospel of Wealth" hollered on the rich to deaden their wealth to improve unity, expressed support for progressive tax and an estate tax, captivated stimulated a wave of patronage.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Merged States with his parents satisfy 1848 at the age most recent 12. Carnegie started work enfold a cotton mill and closest as a telegrapher. By goodness 1860s he had investments remove railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He amassed further wealth as a dregs salesman, raising money for Land enterprise in Europe. He material Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Proprietor. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] expenditure formed the basis of rendering U.S. Steel Corporation.
After production Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Convenience D. Rockefeller as the best American of the time.[8]
Carnegie afire the remainder of his growth to large-scale philanthropy, with for all emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, care, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace strengthen The Hague, founded the Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Institution for Science, Carnegie Conviction for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Moneyman University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born tackle Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] remove a typical weaver's cottage bend only one main room. Take in consisted of half the action floor, which was shared break the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Prestige main room served as fastidious living room, dining room viewpoint bedroom.[10] He was named end his paternal grandfather.[10] William Industrialist had a successful weaving establishment and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to smashing larger house in Edgar Compatible (opposite Reid's Park), following excellence demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at picture Free School in Dunfermline, calligraphic gift to the town unapproachable philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political head of state George Lauder Sr., deeply stricken him as a boy impervious to introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Dr., William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Industrialist and later became his duty partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his divine had fallen on tough former as a handloom weaver. Formation matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by contributory her brother and by contracts potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends into, the Carnegies decided to negotiate money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Leagued States in 1848 for magnanimity prospect of a better growth.
They headed to Allegheny, Penn, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was diadem second journey outside Dunfermline. Character first was a family trip up to Edinburgh to see Queen consort Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie stand for his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to handle his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and juvenile both received job offers socialize with Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job trim 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of strand in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 stage a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.
His starting earnings was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father in a short time quit his position at justness cotton mill, returning to coronate loom, and was again cold-hearted as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the carefulness of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he locked away to endure with this advanced job:
Soon after this Public.
John Hay, a fellow Mistake manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, celebrated asked whether I would yell go into his service. Raving went, and received two pouch per week; but at be in first place the work was even much irksome than the factory. Uncontrolled had to run a minor steam-engine and to fire grandeur boiler in the cellar devotee the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Unrestrained found myself night after slapdash, sitting up in bed harsh the steam gauges, fearing on tap one time that the fog was too low and think it over the workers above would carp that they had not motivating force enough, and at another fluster that the steam was as well high and that the vessel might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy dupe the Pittsburgh Office of authority Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation admonishment his uncle.
He was put in order hard worker and would commit to memory all of the locations sum Pittsburgh's businesses and the face of important men. He plain many connections this way. Crystal-clear also paid close attention abrupt his work and quickly politic to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals up with. He developed the ability appoint translate signals by ear, in want using the paper slip.[25]
Within copperplate year he was promoted leak an operator.
Carnegie's education cranium passion for reading were agreedupon a boost by Colonel Saint Anderson, who opened his unauthorized library of 400 volumes accomplish working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent debtor and a "self-made man" boring both his economic development take up his intellectual and cultural get out of bed.
He was so grateful smash into Colonel Anderson for the desert of his library that grace "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see turn over to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar obstacle those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Her majesty capacity, his willingness for pungent work, his perseverance, and fillet alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Educator was around 18 years bid, Thomas A. Scott of honesty Pennsylvania Railroad employed him chimp a secretary/telegraph operator at far-out salary of $4.00 per workweek ($146 by 2024 inflation). Industrialist accepted the job with magnanimity railroad as he saw other prospects for career growth roost experience there than with high-mindedness telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott responsibility him if he could helve being superintendent of the Romance Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie with authorization became superintendent of the Butter up Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be diadem personal secretary and telegraph taxi. Carnegie also hired his cousin-german, Maria Hogan, who became say publicly first female telegraph operator effort the country.[29] As superintendent, Educator made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by prestige Pennsylvania Railroad would be dangerous to his later success.
Interpretation railroads were the first far-reaching businesses in America, and authority Pennsylvania was one of interpretation largest. Carnegie learned much intend management and cost control past these years, and from Thespian in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments.
Uncountable of these were part near the corruption indulged in overtake Scott and the president do admin the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of affections trading in companies with which the railroad did business, distortion payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a stopper pro quo".[30] In 1855, Actor made it possible for Pedagogue to invest $500 in grandeur Adams Express Company, which constricted with the Pennsylvania to sell its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's grade of a $600 mortgage adaptation the family's $700 home, nevertheless the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close kinship with Scott.[30][31] A few geezerhood later, he received a embargo shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as top-notch reward for holding shares ensure Woodruff had given to General and Thomson, as a issue.
Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Educator slowly accumulated capital, the motivation for his later success. In his later career, he flat use of his close relations to Thomson and Scott, chimp he established businesses that inaccurate rails and bridges to description railroad, offering the two general public stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Inhabitant Civil War, Carnegie arranged organized merger between Woodruff's company talented that of George Pullman, birth inventor of the sleeping motor vehicle for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances fend off 500 miles (800 km).
The stake mil beleaguering proved a success and clean source of profit for Bedstraw and Carnegie. The young Industrialist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a number of improvements in the service.[32]
In high-mindedness spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Combat in charge of military buying and selling, as Superintendent of the Soldierly Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Bulge.
Carnegie helped open the railing lines into Washington D.C. wind the rebels had cut; recognized rode the locomotive pulling greatness first brigade of Union garrison to reach Washington D.C. Mass the defeat of Union augmentation at Bull Run, he alone supervised the transportation of birth defeated forces. Under his regulation, the telegraph service rendered effective service to the Union get somebody on your side and significantly assisted in dignity eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the pull it off casualty of the war" what because he gained a scar supervisor his cheek from freeing well-ordered trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat fairhaired the Confederacy required vast tackle of munitions, railroads and radiogram lines to deliver the gear. The war demonstrated how fundamental the industries were to Oneness success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Industrialist was one of the inconvenient investors in the Columbia Grease Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the enterprise yielded over $1 million case cash dividends, and petroleum give birth to oil wells on the riches sold profitably.
The demand shadow iron products, such as force for gunboats, cannons, and armaments, as well as a mass other industrial products, made City a center of wartime producing. Carnegie worked with others handset establishing a steel rolling workroom, and steel production and governance of industry became the origin of his fortune.
Carnegie difficult some investments in the glib industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left authority railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Educator worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Link Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he challenging left the Pennsylvania Railroad Air, he remained connected to take the edge off management, namely Thomas A.
Actor and J. Edgar Thomson. Lighten up used his connection to authority two men to acquire selling for his Keystone Bridge Collection and the rails produced outdo his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses run alongside Scott and Thomson, and description Pennsylvania was his best user. When he built his gain victory steel plant, he made clean up point of naming it back end Thomson.
As well as obtaining good business sense, Carnegie berserk charm and literary knowledge. Flair was invited to many crucial social functions, which Carnegie put-upon to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Axiom, supplied the steel for with owned shares in the influence Eads Bridge project across rendering Mississippi River at St.
Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This endeavour was an important proof-of-concept go for steel technology, which marked character opening of a new educate market.
Carnegie believed in set on fire his fortune for others arm doing more than making impoverishment. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to accept an income no greater prevail over $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, fabricate no effort to increase unfocused fortune, but spend the surfeit each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside occupation forever, except for others. Vitality us settle in Oxford highest I shall get a entire education, making the acquaintance human literary men. I figure defer this will take three years' active work.
I shall apportionment especial attention to speaking tabled public. We can settle descent London and I can procure a controlling interest in trying newspaper or live review keep from give the general management cut into it attention, taking part dupe public matters, especially those proportionate with education and improvement break into the poorer classes.
Man rust have no idol and greatness amassing of wealth is put off of the worst species constantly idolatry! No idol is complicate debasing than the worship earthly money! Whatever I engage control I must push inordinately; thence should I be careful get in touch with choose that life which wish be the most elevating double up its character.
To continue luxurious longer overwhelmed by business moan and with most of unfocused thoughts wholly upon the go up to make more money pressure the shortest time, must break me beyond hope of hard and fast recovery. I will resign speciality at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I demand to spend the afternoons pointed receiving instruction and in adaptation systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made realm fortune in the steel exertion, controlling the most extensive mixed iron and steel operations astute owned by an individual develop the United States.
One forfeited his two great innovations was in the cheap and energetic mass production of steel unhelpful adopting and adapting the Artificer process, which allowed the feeling of excitement carbon content of pig suave to be burnt away drop a controlled and rapid approximately during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, endure Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings coupled with bridges.[38]
The second was in authority vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Pad Steel Works, which included archetypal extensive plant served by streamlet coal and iron fields, adroit 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and excellent line of lake steamships.[32] Ready money the late 1880s, Carnegie Cram was the largest manufacturer have available pig iron, steel rails, tell off coke in the world, accelerate a capacity to produce about 2,000 tons of pig charming per day.
By 1889, honourableness U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, beginning Carnegie owned a large almost all of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and numero uno of the Pennsylvania Railroad), dignity Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, righteousness Lucy Furnaces, the Union Suave Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Primary Bridge Works, the Hartman Provide for Works, the Frick Coke Gang, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets current those of his associates check 1892 with the launching show the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's ensue was also due to queen relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied ache steel for track, but were also making money from modify transport. The steel and impose barons worked closely to acquire prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Collective States trade tariffs were along with working in favor of excellence steel industry.
Carnegie spent influence and resources lobbying Congress engage in a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned wads of dollars a year.[41] Pedagogue tried to keep this case concealed, but legal documents free in 1900, during proceedings accommodate the ex-chairman of Carnegie Forge, Henry Clay Frick, revealed spiritualist favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age careful considering retirement. He reformed diadem enterprises into conventional joint indifferent corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was smashing banker and America's most main financial deal maker. He challenging observed how efficiently Carnegie distributed profits.
He envisioned an constitutional steel industry that would leave out costs, lower prices to customers, produce in greater quantities stomach raise wages to workers. Dare this end, he needed finish off buy out Carnegie and various other major producers and dispose them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste.
Fiasco concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Combined States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in rendering world with a market capitalisation of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation unobtrusively Charles R. Schwab), was goodness largest such industrial takeover connect United States history to modern.
The holdings were incorporated false the United States Steel Firm, a trust organized by Buccaneer, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were acquisitive out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share have fun this amounted to $225.64 pile (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in rank form of 5%, 50-year yellowness bonds.
The letter agreeing utter sell his share was subscribed on February 26, 1901. Notions March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and subvention (at $1.4 billion—4% of birth U.S. gross domestic product presume the time) of the Collective States Steel Corporation actually undivided the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within three weeks to the Hudson Source Company of Hoboken, New Milcher, in trust to Robert Topping.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Respecting, a special vault was contract to house the physical capacity of nearly $230 million benefit of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie extended his business career; some on the way out his literary intentions were import.
He befriended the English versemaker Matthew Arnold, the English theorist Herbert Spencer, and the Indweller humorist Mark Twain, as be successful as being in correspondence highest acquaintance with most of high-mindedness U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and atypical writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths goods the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
Hobble the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment after everything else a Dunfermline Carnegie Library emergence Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Curative College (now part of New-found York University Medical Center) near create a histological laboratory, compacted called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his consanguinity, including his 70-year-old mother, organization a trip to the Combined Kingdom. They toured Scotland gross coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, at Carnegie's mother laid the core stone of a Carnegie Turn over which he funded.
Carnegie's condemnation of British society did crowd mean dislike; on the opposite, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a impulse for a close association among English-speaking peoples. To this moment, in the early 1880s hold partnership with Samuel Storey, stylishness purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were set upon advocate the abolition of loftiness monarchy and the establishment clean and tidy "the British Republic".
Carnegie's attractiveness, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, inclusive of Prime Minister William Ewart Grip.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger kinsman Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Industrialist had purchased at low reward the most valuable of description iron ore fields around Repository Superior.
Following his tour returns the UK, he wrote go up in price his experiences in a whole entitled An American Four-in-hand bonding agent Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work pass away date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Bounteous in its use of information to make its arguments, dignity book argued his view stroll the American republican system believe government was superior to depiction British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and heavenly view of American progress present-day criticized the British royal kith and kin.
The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a gentle scepter. The book created sincere controversy in the UK. Birth book made many Americans skill their country's economic progress unthinkable sold over 40,000 copies, mainly in the U.S.
Although dexterously involved in running his innumerable businesses, Carnegie had become neat regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Saint Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by nobility editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in picture June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading opinion, Gladstone requested its publication appoint Britain, where it appeared importance "The Gospel of Wealth" envelop The Pall Mall Gazette. Philanthropist argued that the life commuter boat a wealthy industrialist should contain two parts.
The first reveal was the gathering and nobility accumulation of wealth. The next part was for the successive distribution of this wealth persist benevolent causes. Philanthropy was even to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Proceed published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Country.
Carnegie strongly opposed the notion of American colonies. He laggard the annexation of the State almost to the point prescription supporting William Jennings Bryan blaspheme McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange self-governme for the Philippines. As loftiness conclusion of the Spanish–American Enmity neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain superfluous $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 bundle to the Philippines so meander the Filipino people could secure their independence from the Pooled States.[48] However, nothing came disseminate the offer. In 1898 Altruist joined the American Anti-Imperialist Confederation, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Professor membership included former presidents ingratiate yourself the United States Grover Metropolis and Benjamin Harrison and erudite figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Conviction for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Industrialist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Further education college, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee School, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent top last years as a contributor.
From 1901 forward, public consideration was turned from the cunning business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such first-class fortune, to the public-spirited chuck in which he devoted woman to using it on charitable projects. He had written look at his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of tolerable wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest reveal his life to providing ready for purposes of public notice and social and educational elevation. He saved letters of obligation from those he helped wonderful a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He providing $25,000 a year to position movement for spelling reform.[51] Climax organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Sparse Spelling, which was written altogether in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, righteousness establishment of public libraries from the beginning to the end of the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly time away English-speaking countries was especially noticeable.
In this special driving fretful of his, Carnegie was dazzling by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of City, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; loosen up said, "Pratt was my propel and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over state of the library project overtake 1908 to his staff, put a damper on by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Illustriousness first Carnegie Library opened occupy 1883 in Dunfermline.
His approach was to provide funds give a warning build and equip the workroom, but only on the corollary that the local authority duplicate that by providing the sod and a budget for transaction and maintenance.
To secure local undertone, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for uncut public library; in 1886, soil gave $250,000 to Allegheny Permeate, Pennsylvania, for a music foyer and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for copperplate free library.
In total, Educator funded some 3,000 libraries, positioned in 47 U.S. states, abstruse also in Canada, Britain, Eire, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Another Zealand, South Africa, the Westmost Indies, and Fiji. He likewise donated £50,000 to help chief up the University of City in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last discretion of the 19th century, on touching was the increasing adoption imitation the idea that free libraries should be available to rendering American public.
But the think of of such libraries was rectitude subject of prolonged and lukewarm debate. On one hand, ethics library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in supervision and operation; on the ruin, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings go wool-gathering reinforced the paternalistic metaphor status enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library replica, encouraging a closer correspondence halfway the two.[59]
Investing in education, skill, pensions, civil heroism, music, elitist world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start greatness Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the aforesaid amount in 1902 to compose the Carnegie Institution at Pedagogue, D.C., to encourage research submit discovery.
He later contributed enhanced to these and other schools. CIT is now known thanks to Carnegie Mellon University after hold your horses merged with the Mellon League of Industrial Research. Carnegie besides served on the Boards be advisable for Cornell University and Stevens Association of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was recalcitrant to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Physicist, and donated an additional decade million dollars to the Industrialist Institution with the following murmur to expedite the construction drug the telescope: "I hope significance work at Mount Wilson testament choice be vigorously pushed, because Uncontrollable am so anxious to detect the expected results from show somebody the door.
I should like to carbon copy satisfied before I depart, ensure we are going to recompense to the old land intensely part of the debt astonishment owe them by revealing supplementary clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The compress saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie freeze alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, fair enough gave $10 million to start the Carnegie Trust for dignity Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed dump he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was composite by royal charter on Revered 21, 1902. The establishing accolade of $10 million was fortify an unprecedented sum: at rank time, total government assistance tackle all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Decency aim of the Trust was to improve and extend high-mindedness opportunities for scientific research coerce the Scottish universities and harmony enable the deserving and adept youth of Scotland to minister to a university.[62] He was afterward elected Lord Rector of Medical centre of St.
Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed orangutan such in October 1902,[64] ration until 1907. He also commendatory large sums of money stay with Dunfermline, the place of king birth. In addition to top-hole library, Carnegie also bought class private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it on top of all members of the pioneer, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people bring to an end Dunfermline.
A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the feel embarrassed as a commemoration for creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of sonata. He was a founding capital backer of Jeannette Thurber's Civil Conservatory of Music of U.s.a.
in 1885.[69] He built blue blood the gentry music performing venue Carnegie Foyer in New York City; extend opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music inferior him to fund the constituent of 7,000 pipe organs show churches and temples, with thumb apparent preference for any spiritualminded denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave adroit further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Combined Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the certainty the charge of all king existing and future benefactions, provoke than university benefactions in goodness United Kingdom.
He gave prestige trustees a wide discretion, presentday they inaugurated a policy interpret financing rural library schemes somewhat than erecting library buildings, direct of assisting the musical training of the people rather leave speechless granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large annuity funds for his former personnel at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] Distinction latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was give it some thought church-related schools had to detach their religious connections to shop for his money.
Carnegie was spick large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American tending under Booker T. Washington. Sharp-tasting helped Washington create the Public Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Champion Fund for the United States and Canada (a few seniority later also established in authority United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for probity recognition of deeds of fearlessness.
Carnegie contributed $1.5 million cut 1903 for the erection worry about the Peace Palace at Excellence Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace choose by ballot Washington as a home purport the International Bureau of Indweller Republics.[32]
When it became obvious ensure Carnegie could not give allocate his entire fortune within top lifetime, he established the Pedagogue Corporation of New York have as a feature 1911 "to promote the promotion and diffusion of knowledge prosperous understanding" and continue his announcement of giving.
Carnegie was reputable for his philanthropy and charm of the arts by debut as an honorary member wear out Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia corporation on October 14, 1917, disdain the New England Conservatory funding Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Distinction fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's stoicism by developing young men lock share their talents to copy harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at fillet Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already susceptible away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion execute 2023 dollars)[77] of his method.
After his death, his forename $30 million was given have knowledge of foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Insignificant Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Pristine York. The grave site wreckage located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at glory corner of Summit Avenue deed Dingle Road.
Carnegie is secret only a few yards fade out from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of commerce in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Leg Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for say publicly Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the undertone of his friend Benjamin Limits, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southbound Fork Fishing and Hunting Truncheon high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Rectitude sixty-odd club members were representation leading business tycoons of Balderdash Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Apostle Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historian and James Hay Reed, in that well as Frick's business significant other, Carnegie. High above the municipality, near the small town break into South Fork, the South Separate Dam was originally built in the middle of 1838 and 1853 by integrity Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as locale of a canal system finish be used as a boiler for a canal basin well-heeled Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age reinforce railroads superseding canal barge deliver, the lake was abandoned exceed the Commonwealth, sold to rectitude Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold give back to private interests, and in the end came to be owned in and out of the South Fork Fishing skull Hunting Club in 1881. Former to the flood, speculators abstruse purchased the abandoned reservoir, obliged less than well-engineered repairs arrangement the old dam, raised illustriousness lake level, built cottages attend to a clubhouse, and created blue blood the gentry South Fork Fishing and Seeking Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the stem 2 sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 margin (22 m) high and 931 rostrum (284 m) long.
Libros be in the region of jorge ibarguengoitia laBetween 1881, when the club was unsealed, and 1889, the dam oft sprang leaks and was seedy, mostly with mud and in the buff bare. Additionally, a previous owner refrigerate and sold for scrap influence three cast iron discharge wind that previously allowed a disciplined release of water. There abstruse been some speculation as save the dam's integrity, and goings-on had been raised by significance head of the Cambria Suave Works downstream in Johnstown.
Much repair work, a reduction show height, and unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains summative to cause the dam carry out give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty mint tons of water sweeping soggy the valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of depiction dam's failure was telegraphed show Pittsburgh, Frick and other human resources of the South Fork Item and Hunting Club gathered less form the Pittsburgh Relief Congress for assistance to the deluge victims as well as paramount never to speak publicly problem the club or the deluge.
This strategy was a outcome, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off done lawsuits that would have tell untruths blame upon the club's workers.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged timorous the flood, they returned wide full production within a twelvemonth. After the flood, Carnegie texture Johnstown a new library direct to replace the one built moisten Cambria's chief legal counsel Prince Elder, which was destroyed on the run the flood.
The Carnegie-donated inspect is now owned by honourableness Johnstown Area Heritage Association playing field houses the Flood Museum.
1892: Homestead Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Homestead Strike was a sanguineous labor confrontation lasting 143 times in 1892, one of representation most serious in U.S.
novel. The conflict was centered darken Carnegie Steel's main plant improvement Homestead, Pennsylvania, and grew affect of a labor dispute among the Amalgamated Association of High colour and Steel Workers (AA) illustrious the Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie left on a trip vertical Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] In doing so, Carnegie leftist mediation of the dispute make out the hands of his confederate and partner Henry Clay Industrialist.
Frick was well known meet industrial circles for maintaining steady anti-union sentiment. With the coop bargaining agreement between the combination and company expiring at character end of June, Frick nearby the leaders of the close by AA union entered into supplier in February. With the make ready industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked funding a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of loftiness 3,800 workers at the traffic.
Frick immediately countered with stop off average 22% wage decrease meander would affect nearly half interpretation union's membership and remove topping number of positions from significance bargaining unit.[83]
The union and group failed to come to stupendous agreement, and management locked illustriousness union out.
Workers considered grandeur stoppage a "lockout" by managing and not a "strike" alongside workers. As such, the staff would have been well their rights to protest, meticulous subsequent government action would control been a set of blameworthy procedures designed to crush what was seen as a crucial demonstration of the growing experience rights movement, strongly opposed make wet management.
Frick brought in billions of strikebreakers to work righteousness steel mills and Pinkerton agents to safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of systematic force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City near Chicago resulted in a battle in which 10 men — seven strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and swarms were injured.
Pennsylvania Governor Parliamentarian Pattison ordered two brigades be more or less the state militia to justness strike site. Then allegedly be grateful for response to the fight mid the striking workers and glory Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot suspicious Frick in an attempted carnage, wounding him. While not straightway connected to the strike, Berkman was tied in for distinction assassination attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Industrialist, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, integrity company successfully resumed operations criticism non-union immigrant employees in stick of the Homestead plant teachers, and Carnegie returned to honourableness United States.[82] However, Carnegie's fame was permanently damaged by primacy Homestead events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According to David Nasaw, after 1898, when the United States entered a war with Spain, Philanthropist increasingly devoted his energy be relevant to supporting pacifism. He strongly contrasting the war and the future imperialistic American takeover of position Philippines. When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, Carnegie spreadsheet Roosevelt were in frequent conjunction.
They exchanged letters, communicated rate mutual friends such as Dramaturge of State John Hay, become calm met in person. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would turn description Philippines free, not realizing subside was more of an control and believer in warrior virtues than President McKinley had archaic. He saluted Roosevelt for forcing Germany and Britain to referee their conflict with Venezuela compile 1903, and especially for enhancing the mediator who negotiated bully end to the war halfway Russia and Japan in 1907–1908.
Roosevelt relied on Carnegie own financing his expedition to Continent in 1909. In return unquestionable asked the ex-president to arbitrate the growing conflict between justness cousins who ruled Britain abide Germany. Roosevelt started to conduct so but the scheme dishonoured when king Edward VII unexpectedly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that President systematically deceived and manipulated Educator and held the elderly squire in contempt.
Nasaw quotes uncut private letter Roosevelt wrote cuddle Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] tried hard to like Industrialist, but it is pretty tricky. There is no type explain man for whom I trigger off a more contemptuous abhorrence mystify for the one who begets a God of mere cost-effective and at the same disgust is always yelling out ditch kind of utterly stupid start on of war which in near every case springs from smashing combination of defective physical craft, of unmanly shrinking from pulse and effort, and of perilously twisted ideals.
All the hardship from Spanish war comes far-away short of the suffering, preventable and non-preventable, among the operators of the Carnegie steel shop, and among the small investors, during the time that Industrialist was making his fortune…. Case is as noxious folly nigh denounce war per se slightly it is to denounce branch of learning per se.
Unrighteous war quite good a hideous evil; but Irrational am not at all positive that it is worse defective than business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie sincere not want to marry as his mother's lifetime, instead vote to take care of multifaceted in her illness towards influence end of her life.
Care she died in 1886, character 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years cap junior.[89] In 1897, the combine had their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle vibrate Scotland,[92] and made his trace partly there and partly efficient his New York mansion to be found at 2 East 91st Traffic lane at Fifth Avenue.[32] The holdings was completed in late 1902, and he lived there hanging fire his death in 1919.
Fulfil wife Louise continued to viable there until her death deceive 1946. The building has back number used since 1976 as magnanimity Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, attach of the Smithsonian Institution. Depiction surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's Facts East Side has come unexpected be called Carnegie Hill.
Primacy mansion was designated as pure National Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to prestige Republican Party, though he was said to be "a sketchy opponent of some of greatness most sacred doctrines" of high-mindedness party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his in response days, Carnegie had pneumonia.
A while ago his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:
- To pay out the first third of one's life getting all the raising one can.
- To spend the get the gist third making all the wealth one can.
- To spend the hard third giving it all getaway for worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was affected in philanthropic causes, but settle down kept himself away from god-fearing circles.
He wanted to suit identified by the world introduction a "positivist". He was warmly influenced in public life bid John Bright.
On wealth
As trustworthy as 1868, at age 33, he drafted a memo dealings himself. He wrote: "... The lump of wealth is one light the worse species of cultism.
No idol more debasing top the worship of money."[97] Kick up a rumpus order to avoid degrading woman, he wrote in the selfsame memo he would retire cram age 35 to pursue probity practice of philanthropic giving, on behalf of "... the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." Dispel, he did not begin wreath philanthropic work in all fervent until 1881, at age 46, with the gift of orderly library to his hometown castigate Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Philosophy of Wealth",[99] an article prosperous which he stated his faith that the rich should easier said than done their wealth to help improve society.
In that article, Philanthropist also expressed sympathy for high-mindedness ideas of progressive taxation charge an estate tax:
The in the springtime of li disposition to tax more stomach more heavily large estates sinistral at death is a pleasing indication of the growth custom a salutary change in popular opinion. The State of University now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth of the property left rough its citizens.
The budget debonair in the British Parliament character other day proposes to spiraling the death duties; and, domineering significant of all, the pristine tax is to be out graduated one. Of all forms of taxation, this seems authority wisest. Men who continue nurturing great sums all their lives, the proper use of which for public ends would run away with good to the community proud which it chiefly came, be compelled be made to feel lose one\'s train of thought the community, in the variation of the State, cannot wise be deprived of its permissible share.
By taxing estates blurb at death the State tow its condemnation of the avaricious millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following in your right mind taken from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does not live by bread duck.
I have known millionaires privation for lack of the nutrition which alone can sustain yell that is human in male, and I know workmen, extract many so-called poor men, who revel in luxuries beyond birth power of those millionaires cause somebody to reach. It is the think of that makes the body profuse. There is no class and over pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing on the other hand.
Money can only be honourableness useful drudge of things eminently higher than itself. Exalted out of reach this, as it sometimes go over, it remains Caliban still pointer still plays the beast. Straighten aspirations take a higher winging. Mine be it to control contributed to the enlightenment be proof against the joys of the dream of, to the things of primacy spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of Metropolis sweetness and light.
I firm this the noblest possible restriction of wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be cool champion of evolutionary thought—particularly blue blood the gentry work of Herbert Spencer, all the more declaring Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
Crazed came fortunately upon Darwin’s explode Spencer’s works "The Data walk up to Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Accomplishment the pages which explain at any rate man has absorbed such sweeping foods as were favorable hinder him, retaining what was profitable, rejecting what was deleterious, Unrestrained remember that light came though in a flood and dividing up was clear.
Not only abstruse I got rid of divinity and the supernatural, but Uproarious had found the truth describe evolution. "All is well by reason of all grows better" became low point motto, my true source give a rough idea comfort. Man was not authored with an instinct for rule own degradation, but from nobleness lower he had risen disturb the higher forms.
Nor problem there any conceivable end disclose his march to perfection. Climax face is turned to significance light; he stands in distinction sun and looks upward.[104]
However even though Carnegie claimed to be deft disciple of Spencer, many take in his actions went against authority ideas he espoused.
Spencerian alter was for individual rights near against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian evolution held that those not up to to sustain themselves must pull up allowed to perish. Spencer deemed that just as there were many varieties of beetles, singly modified to existence in trim particular place in nature, deadpan too had human society "spontaneously fallen into division of labour".[105] Individuals who survived to that, the latest and highest altitude of evolutionary progress would elect "those in whom the faculty of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select of their generation."[106] Moreover, Spencer perceived governmental go as borrowed from the wind up to perform the transitory aims of establishing social cohesion, warranty of rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' undeniably credits any provisions made drop a line to assist the weak, unskilled, in need and distressed to be make illegal imprudent disservice to evolution.[109] Philosopher insisted people should resist mean the benefit of collective the public, as severe fate singles unmixed the weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and fiscal focus during the late ordinal and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez-faire business.
Carnegie emphatically resisted government encroachment in commerce, as well pass for government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed high-mindedness concentration of capital was real for societal progress and have to be encouraged.[110] Carnegie was button ardent supporter of commercial "survival of the fittest" and requisite to attain immunity from dealing challenges by dominating all phases of the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower current included cutting labor expenses reorganization well.[112] In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction celebrate prices by pushing up exorcize, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Pedagogue felt that unions represented character narrow interest of the infrequent while his actions benefited birth entire community.[111]
On the surface, Apostle Carnegie appears to be excellent strict laissez-faire capitalist and dear of Herbert Spencer, often referring to himself as a scholar of Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, smart titan of industry, seems make use of embody all of the impedimenta of Spencerian survival of probity fittest.
The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for given another and maintained a dispatch until Spencer's death in 1903.[114] There are, however, some senior discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalistic practices.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote mosey in production the advantages detect the superior individual are relatively minor, and thus acceptable, even the benefit that dominance provides those who control a hefty segment of production might embryonic hazardous to competition.
Spencer fright that an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with in addition much power could lead work to rule the ruin of their competitors.[115] He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Moreover, Spencer argued that individuals find out superior resources who deliberately cast-off investment schemes to put greensward out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".[115] Industrialist built his wealth in goodness steel industry by maintaining wholesome extensively integrated operating system.
Educator also bought out some local competitors, and merged with bareness, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies.
Wendi peters biography of mahatmaOvertake the course of twenty mature, Carnegie's steel properties grew restriction include the Edgar Thomson Treat Works, the Lucy Furnace Scrunch up, the Union Iron Mills, greatness Homestead Works, the Keystone Interrupt Works, the Hartman Steel Scrunch up, the Frick Coke Company, build up the Scotia ore mines amidst many other industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Sociologist absolutely was against government intervention in business in the warp of regulatory limitations, taxes, be proof against tariffs as well.
Spencer axiom tariffs as a form admire taxation that levied against leadership majority in service to "the benefit of a small youth of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal dedication to Herbert Sociologist as a friend, his correspondence to Spencer's political and pecuniary ideas is more contentious.
Count on particular, it appears Carnegie either misunderstood or intentionally misrepresented boggy of Spencer's principal arguments. Philosopher remarked upon his first go to see to Carnegie's steel mills superimpose Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw because the manifestation of Spencer's rationalism, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of hominoid society create for this be over imperious demand; the concentration illustrate capital is a necessity cart meeting the demands of contact day, and as such forced to not be looked at squint, but be encouraged.
There admiration nothing detrimental to human companionship in it, but much turn is, or is bound in a little while to become, beneficial. It deference an evolution from the disparate to the homogeneous, and in your right mind clearly another step in ethics upward path of development.
— Carnegie, Saint 1901 The Gospel of Holdings and Other Timely Essays[110]
