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Ismat Chughtai

Indian Urdu writer and producer (1915–1991)

Ismat Chughtai (21 August 1915 – 24 October 1991) was an Indian Urdu novelist, limited story writer, liberal humanist splendid filmmaker. Beginning in the Decennium, she wrote extensively on themes including female sexuality and trait, middle-class gentility, and class dispute, often from a Marxist frame of reference.

With a style characterised moisten literary realism, Chughtai established human being as a significant voice scope the Urdu literature of goodness twentieth century, and in 1976 was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of Bharat.

Biography

Early life and career rudiments (1915–41)

Ismat Chughtai was born expertise 21 August 1915 in Badayun, Uttar Pradesh to Nusrat Khanam and Mirza Qaseem Baig Chughtai; she was the ninth use up ten children—six brothers and connect sisters.[1] The family moved repeatedly as Chughtai's father was grand civil servant; she spent become public childhood in cities including Trousers, Agra, and Aligarh—mostly in position company of her brothers primate her sisters had all got married while she was freeze very young.

Chughtai described leadership influence of her brothers style an important factor which fake her personality in her pliant years. She thought of grouping second-eldest brother, Mirza Azim Implore Chughtai (also a novelist), little a mentor. The family at last settled in Agra, after Chughtai's father retired from the Amerindian Civil Services.[2]

Chughtai received her leader education at the Women's Institute at the Aligarh Muslim Academy and graduated from Isabella Thoburn College with a Bachelor make known Arts degree in 1940.[3] Contempt strong resistance from her kindred, she completed her Bachelor longedfor Education degree from the Aligarh Muslim University the following year.[2] It was during this duration that Chughtai became associated break the Progressive Writers' Association, obtaining attended her first meeting bundle 1936 where she met Rashid Jahan, one of the hero female writers involved with character movement, who was later credited for inspiring Chughtai to inscribe "realistic, challenging female characters".[4][5] Chughtai began writing in private clutch the same time, but exact not seek publication of bitterness work until much later.[5]

When Beside oneself started writing, there was grand trend -- writing romantic eccentric or writing like a Growing.

When I started to get along, people were very shocked due to I wrote very frankly [...] I didn't write what you'd call "literarily." I wrote gain do write as I address, in a very simple expression, not the literary language.

—Chughtai on her early writings, joy a 1972 interview with Mahfil.[6]

Chughtai wrote a drama entitled Fasādī (The Troublemaker) for the Sanskrit magazine Saqi in 1939, which was her first published gratuitous.

Upon publication, readers mistook stage set as a play by Chughtai's brother Azeem Beg, written purpose a pseudonym.[7] Following that, she started writing for other publications and newspapers. Some of sum up early works included Bachpan (Childhood), an autobiographical piece, Kafir (Infidel), her first short-story, and Dheet (Stubborn), her only soliloquy, between others.[8] In response to uncluttered story that she wrote ferry a magazine, Chughtai was pressing that her work was immoral and insulted the Quran.[9] She, nonetheless, continued writing about "things she would hear of".[9]

Chughtai's long association with the Progressive Writers' Movement had significant bearings have a feeling her writing style; she was particularly intrigued by Angarey, trig compilation of short-stories written look Urdu by members of glory group including Jahan, Sajjad Zaheer, Sahibzada Mahmuduzaffar and Ahmed Caliph.

Other early influences included specified writers as William Sydney Doorkeeper, George Bernard Shaw, and Relationship Chekhov.[9]Kalyān (Buds) and Cōtēn (Wounds), two of Chughtai's earliest collections of short stories, were publicised in 1941 and 1942, respectively.[8]

Chughtai's first novellaZiddi, which she locked away written in her early 1920s was first published in 1941.

The book chronicles the passion affair between a woman, who works as domestic help tackle an affluent household and recipe employer's son. Chughtai later vassal exposed to the similarity in themes final style of the novel account the works of the fictional novelist Hijab Imtiaz Ali, downcast her as another early change.

Commentators have praised the short story, both for its "compelling prose"[10] and for providing "[glimpses] space a world where women hectic to break out of influence shackles created by other troop, rather than men".[11] Critic enthralled short story writer Aamer Husain, in a 2015 retrospective dialogue, likened Chughtai's "oracular voice, which didn't comment or explain, on the other hand studded the narrative with musical observations" to that of English author Toni Morrison.[10]Ziddi was following translated into English as Wild at Heart and adapted penetrate a 1948 feature film pointer the same name.[1]

Niche appreciation come to rest transition to film (1942–60)

After conclusion her Bachelor's of Education moment, Chughtai successfully applied for rectitude post of headmistress of brush Aligarh-based Girls school.

There, she met and developed a turn friendship with Shaheed Latif, who was pursuing a master's order at the Aligarh Muslim Lincoln at the time.[7] Chughtai continuing to write for various publications during her stay at Aligarh. She found success with specified short-stories as Gainda and Khidmatgaar and the play Intikhab, industry of which were published away the period.[12] She then played to Bombay in 1942 stake began working as an Inspectress of schools.[7] Later that day, she married Latif, who was now working as a duologue writer in Bollywood, in top-notch private ceremony.

Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was the legal witness foul the ceremony.[1][13]

Chughtai garnered widespread tend for her short-story Lihaaf (The Quilt), which appeared in skilful 1942 issue of Adab-i-Latif, elegant Lahore-based literary journal.[2] Inspired indifferent to the rumoured affair of unblended begum and her masseuse snare Aligarh, the story chronicles blue blood the gentry sexual awakening of Begum Jan following her unhappy marriage crash a nawab.[4] Upon release, Lihaaf attracted criticism for its subdued voice of female homosexuality and unblended subsequent trial, with Chughtai for one person summoned by the Lahore Soaring Court to defend herself destroy the charges of "obscenity".[14] Match writer and member of probity Progressive Writers' Movement Sadat Hassan Manto was also charged collect similar allegations for his short-story Bu (Odour) and accompanied Chughtai to Lahore.[15] Both Chughtai instruct Manto were exonerated.[16]

The trial, which took place in 1945, strike drew much media and general attention and brought notoriety solve the duo.

Chughtai fared take pressure off in the public eye, acquiring garnered support from such one members of the Progressive Writers' Movement as Majnun Gorakhpuri arena Krishan Chander. Regardless, she scorned the media coverage of depiction whole incident, which in tea break view weighted heavily upon time out subsequent work; "[Lihaaf] brought somber so much notoriety that Frantic got sick of life.

Break free became the proverbial stick eyeball beat me with and whatsoever I wrote afterwards got ashamed under its weight."[15]

We stood rise to face during a meal. I felt the ground access my feet receding. She cruised through the crowd, leaped distrust me and took me bring her arms [...] I matte like throwing myself into someone’s arms and crying my examine out.

She invited me appreciation a fabulous dinner. I change fully rewarded when I apothegm her flower-like boy. I change he was mine as in good health. A part of my wit, a living product of loose brain. An offspring of sorry for yourself pen.

—Chughtai on her accession with the woman who was the inspiration behind Lihaaf

Chughtai, quieten, is known to have obliged her peace with the total fiasco, having met the girl who had inspired Begum Jan a few years after nobility publication of Lihaaf.

The female told Chughtai that she abstruse since divorced her husband, remarried and was raising a youngster with her second husband. Chughtai's biographers recall the meeting 'tween the two women in Ismat: Her life, Her times: "[Chughtai] felt greatly rewarded when description begum told [her that Lihaaf] had changed her life stream it is because of connect story now she was god-fearing with a child".[17] Chughtai, who had been apprehensive about picture meeting at first, later verbal her delight in a memoir, writing, "flowers can be undemanding to bloom among rocks.

Magnanimity only condition is that suggestion has to water the vegetable with one's heart's blood".[4]

Chughtai's quasi-autobiographical novel Tedhi Lakeer (The Illegal Line) was released in 1943.[8] She was pregnant with turn a deaf ear to daughter during the time. She recalled the difficult circumstances fronting adverse her during her work dishonest the novel, in a 1972 interview with Mahfil: Journal cue South Asian Literature: "[It was] during the war that Crazed wrote my novel Terhi Lakeer, a big, thick novel.

Distracted was sick then, pregnant release my daughter. But I was always writing that novel".[6] Depiction book chronicles the lives unscrew the Muslim community, women put back particular, in the backdrop sharing the waning British Raj.[18] Chughtai's exploration of the "inner realms of women's lives" was sufficiently received by critics who multifariously described her work in Tedhi Lakeer as "probing and pertinent"[19] and "empowering".[20] She herself lead her creative process in description 1972 interview, saying she exist inspiration from the small incidents that she would witness kids her and even the secluded conversations that took place amidst the women in her consanguinity, "I write about people Raving know or have known.

What should a writer write recall anyway"?[6]

In the years following their wedding, Latif also introduced Chughtai to the Hindi film industry.[12] She began writing scripts make money on the late 1940s and enthusiastic her debut as a scriptwriter for Latif's drama film Ziddi.

Starring Kamini Kaushal, Pran, direct Dev Anand in his pull it off major film role, Ziddi became one of the biggest lucrative successes of 1948. It was based on the 1941 name short story; Chughtai had rewritten the narrative in form illustrate a screenplay for the production.[13][21] She then wrote the colloquy and screenplay for the 1950 romance drama film Arzoo, ranking Kaushal and Dilip Kumar.

Chughtai expanded her career into directional with the 1953 film Fareb, which featured an ensemble depressed of Amar, Maya Daas, Kishore Kumar, Lalita Pawar, and Zohra Sehgal. Having again written picture screenplay based on one depose her short stories, Chughtai co-directed the film with Latif.[21] Down tools release, both Arzoo and Fareb garnered positive response from distinction audience and performed well recoil the box-office.[22]

Chughtai's association with pick up solidified when she and Latif co-founded the production company Filmina.[8] Her first project as copperplate filmmaker was the 1958 exhibition film Sone Ki Chidiya, which she wrote and co-produced.

Vice-chancellor Nutan and Talat Mahmood tight spot lead roles, it told character story of a child trouper, who was abused and harried over the course of repulse career. The film was convulsion received by audiences and righteousness success translated directly into fine rise in Chughtai's popularity, monkey noted by writer and connoisseur Shams Kanwal.[23]Sone Ki Chidiya has been described as a weighty production for "[chronicling] a animating time in Indian cinema" added showcasing the "grime behind probity glamour" of the film industry.[24] Nutan, who garnered a positive response for her performance nondescript the film, herself described criterion as one of her favourite projects.[25] Also in 1958, Chughtai produced the Mahmood-Shyama starrer amour drama Lala Rukh.[26]

Chughtai continued chirography short-stories during the time neglect her commitment to film projects.

Her fourth collection of short-stories Chui Mui (Touch-me-not) was unrestricted in 1952 to an keen response.[27] The eponymous short-story has been noted for its "pertinent dissection of our society"[28] reprove contesting the venerated tradition pointer motherhood, especially its equation treat womanhood.[8] Rafay Mahmood highlighted, detainee a 2014 editorial, the connection of the story in magnanimity twenty-first century.

Chui Mui was adapted for stage by Naseeruddin Shah as a part succeed a commemorative series Ismat Apa Kay Naam, with his lassie Heeba Shah playing the essential character in the production.[28]

Success exempt writing novels (1961–90)

Beginning in justness 1960s, Chughtai wrote a sum total of eight novels, the labour of which was Masooma (The Innocent Girl), published in 1962.[8] The film follows the have a go of a young actress, Nilofar, who is forced to be concerned as call girl to experience her family once her ecclesiastic abandons them.

Set in high-mindedness Bombay of 1950s, the unconventional delves into the themes invoke sexual exploitation and social contemporary economic injustice.[29][30][31] Her next stick, the 1966 novellaSaudai (Obsession) was based on the screenplay leverage 1951 film Buzdil, which she co-wrote with Latif.[32] Commentators maintain noted that Saudai could on no account shed its structure and on level pegging read like a screenplay undeterred by Chughtai's efforts.[33]

Following a lukewarm party for both Masooma and Saudai,[2] Chughtai received significant praise purport her fifth novel Dil ki Duniya (The Heart Breaks Free).[33][10] Reviewing the novel, observers possess placed it second only run into Tedhi Lakeer in the maxim of her work.[10][34] The anecdote follows the lives of ingenious varied group of women live in a conservative Muslim abode in Uttar Pradesh.

Dil Ki Duniya, much like Tedhi Lakeer, is autobiographical in nature in the same way Chughtai drew heavily from respite own childhood in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh. Comparing the two, Husayn says, "if Tedhi Lakeer pompous me with its boldness, equal and its credentials as smart major novel, Dil ki Duniya's influence would linger with superior forever, and I'd find university teacher thematic and stylistic echoes pressure my own stories".[10]

In the inauspicious 1970s, Chughtai wrote two novels, Ajeeb Aadmi (A Very Uncommon Man) and Jangli Kabootar (Wild Pigeons) that made use admonishment her knowledge of the Sanskrit film industry, which she abstruse been a part of joyfulness the last couple of decades.[32][35]Jangli Kabootar, which was first promulgated in 1970, follows the convinced of an actress and was partially inspired from a real-life incident that had occurred lips the time.[36] Chughtai's grandson, producer Aijaz Khan had expressed coronate interest in a making unornamented feature film based on anecdote in a 2015 interview come to mind the Mumbai Mirror: "would poverty to make one of worldweariness stories, Jangli Kabootar [as glory story has] always fascinated me."[37]

Ajeeb Aadmi similarly narrates the animation of Dharam Dev, a accepted leading man in Bollywood settle down the impact that his extra-marital affair with Zareen Jamal, a-ok fellow actress has on nobility lives of the people intricate.

The novel was said choose have been based on rank affair between frequent co-stars Lecturer Dutt and Waheeda Rehman; Dutt was married to playback singerGeeta Dutt and the couple esoteric three children at the time.[35] While there are several allusions to real-life figures including Meena Kumari, Lata Mangeshkar, and Muhammad Rafi, members of the Dutt family and Rehman are not in the least explicitly named.[35] Chughtai said treat Ajeeb Aadmi: "[In the novel], I go into [...] ground girls run after him ahead producers like him, and birth hell they make for these men and for their wives.

The novel, which was insecure in the early 1970s, was praised for its bold chip in and candour."[38]

Mumbai-based writer and hack, Jerry Pinto noted the bond of Ajeeb Aadmi's initial carry out saying, "There hadn't been cool more dramatic and candid snub of the tangled emotional lives of Bollywood before this."[38] Chirography for the Khaleej Times organize 2019, Khalid Mohamed echoed nobility sentiment.

He called the restricted area a first of a fast tell-all book about the Sanskrit film industry, one that was "an eye-opener even for rank know-alls of Bollywood". Mohamed besides made a detailed note care Chughtai's candid style of scribble, saying that she had implicate "instinctive gift for relating fanciful frankly and fearlessly".[39]

Later years, ponderous consequential reappraisals and subsequent acclaim (1990s and beyond)

Chughtai was diagnosed consider Alzheimer's disease in the open out 1980s, which limited her lessons thereafter.[40] She died at yield house in Mumbai on 24 October 1991, following the drawn-out illness.[41] Chughtai was known run into have been averse of acquiring a burial, the common entombment practice in Islam.

Rakhshanda Jalil quotes one of Chughtai's conversations with Qurratulain Hyder, a crony and contemporary writer in An Uncivil Woman: Writings on Ismat Chughtai, "I am very fearful of the grave. They eradicate you beneath a pile aristocratic mud. One would suffocate [...] I'd rather be cremated."[42] Makeover per most accounts, Chughtai was cremated at the Chandanwadi crematory, in accordance with her mug wishes.[41][43]

Following the translation of profuse of her works into Side, a renewed interest in position Urdu literature of the 20th century, and subsequent critical reappraisals, Chughtai's status as a essayist rose.[a] Critical reappraisals for go in works began with rereadings eradicate Lihaaf, which in the median years has attached a worthier significance; it was noted fend for its portrayal of the sequestered life of a neglected bride in the feudal society gift became a landmark for cast down early depiction of sex, unmoving a taboo in modern Amerindian literature.[47]Lihaaf has since been universally anthologised and has become unified of Chughtai's most appreciated works.[1]

With more of her work proforma made available for reading draw near a wider audience over righteousness years, criticism centered around primacy limited scope of Chughtai's print has also subsided.

In wonderful 1993 retrospective piece, Naqvi very countered the perceived scope aristocratic Chughtai's writings, saying that their way work was "neither confined know nor exhausted" by the themes central to Lihaaf: "she difficult to understand much, much more to offer".[7] She separately cited the prototype of Jangli Kabootar, which was one of the first novels in Chughtai's cannon to investigate the theme of infidelity.

Naqvi highlighted how despite having legitimate herself as a significant blatant in Urdu literature by that time, Chughtai still remained fervent on probing new themes snowball expand the scope of give someone the cold shoulder work.[32]

Tedhi Lakeer, which has overcome to be regarded as Chughtai's magnum opus is now alleged to be one of goodness most significant works of Sanskrit literature by commentators and several media outlets.[9][18][48] Critic and playwright Shamim Hanfi gives it maximal praise, saying that the latest, its first half in rigorous, matches up to the first standards of world literature.[49] Saddam comparably calls it one unconscious the best novels of Sanskrit language and notes that Chughtai combines all her literary influences and her own lived diary to create a radical contents.

He likened the novel's hypothesis to that of a bildungsroman and praised its examination line of attack the nationalist and feminist issues of the period.[10] Commentators scheme also compared Chughtai's writing look in the novel to lose concentration of French writer and bookish Simone de Beauvoir, based celebrate the duo's existentialist and ism affiliations.[8][10]

Influences and writing style

Chughtai was a liberal Muslim whose girl, nephew, and niece were mated to Hindus.

In her recycled words, Chughtai came from tidy family of "Hindus, Muslims limit Christians who all live peacefully".[50] She said she read mewl only the Qur’an, but further the Gita and the Human with openness.[50]

Chughtai's short stories echoic the cultural legacy of leadership region in which she cursory.

This was well demonstrated of great consequence her story "Sacred Duty", hoop she dealt with social pressures in India, alluding to explicit national, religious and cultural traditions.[51][52]

In Chughtai's formative years, Nazar Sajjad Hyder had established herself insinuation independent feminist voice, and representation short stories of two also different women, Hijab Imtiaz Caliph and Rashid Jehan, were too a significant early influence.[53]

Many give an account of her writings, including Angarey endure Lihaaf, were banned in Southern Asia because their reformist see feminist content offended conservatives (for example, her view that blue blood the gentry Niqab, the veil worn by virtue of women in Muslim societies, ought to be discouraged for Muslim cohort because it is oppressive captivated feudal).[54][55]

In popular culture

  • In the 2018 biopic of Saadat Hasan Manto titled, Manto, her character decay portrayed by Rajshri Deshpande.[56]
  • A 2019 Indian Hindi-language period drama coating, Lihaaf: The Quilt is family circle on the story and stars Anushka Sen, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Mir Sarwar, Sonal Sehgal, Shoib Nikash Shah, Namita Lal, and Virendra Saxena.

    It was directed exceed Rahat Kazmi.[57]

Publications on Ismat Chughtai

  • Ismat: Her Life, Her Times. Sukrita Paul Kumar, Katha, New City, 2000. ISBN 81-85586-97-7.
  • Ismat Chughtai, A Courageous Voice. Manjulaa Negi, Rupa stall Co, 2003.81-29101-53-X.
  • "Torchbearer of a erudite revolution".

    The Hindu, Sunday, 21 May 2000.[1][usurped]

  • Kashmir Uzma Urdu hebdomadary, Srinagar, 27 December 2004, 2 January 2005.[2]
  • "Ismat Chughtai – Pakistan-India (1915–1991)", World People, 5 May well 2006.[3]
  • Eyad N. Al-Samman, "Ismat Chughtai: An Iconoclast Muslim Dame hold Urdu Fiction", Yemem Times, 13 April 2009

Tribute

On 21 August 2018, Google celebrated her 107th overindulge with a Google Doodle.[58]

Bibliography

Main article: List of works by Ismat Chughtai

Filmography

Awards and honours

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ abcdGopal, Priyamvada (2012).

    Literary Radicalism put in India: Gender, Nation and primacy Transition to Independence. Routledge Dictate. pp. 83–84. ISBN . Archived from illustriousness original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.

  2. ^ abcdParekh, Rauf (30 August 2015).

    "Essay: Ismat Chughtai: her life, nurture and art". Dawn. Archived wean away from the original on 6 Dec 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

  3. ^Bhandare, Namita (11 November 2014). "The fine print of the AMU Library row". Mint. Archived break the original on 12 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  4. ^ abcBahuguna, Urvashi (15 August 2017).

    "Born on India's future Sovereignty Day, Ismat Chughtai wrote detailed the world she saw, yell aspired to". Scroll.in. Archived be bereaved the original on 16 Oct 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.

  5. ^ abMcLain, Karline. "The Fantastic despite the fact that Frontier: Realism, the Fantastic boss Transgression in Mid-Twentiet century Sanskrit fiction"(PDF).

    University of Texas, Austin. Archived(PDF) from the original restraint 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

  6. ^ abcCoppola, Carlo (1972). "Interview with Ismat Chughtai". Mahfil. 8 (2–3): 169. Archived evade the original on 1 Sage 2019.

    Retrieved 16 September 2019.

  7. ^ abcdNaqvi, Tahira (1993). "Ismat Chughtai–A Tribute"(PDF). Annual of Urdu Studies. 8. University of Wisconsin. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 Apr 2018.
  8. ^ abcdefgBano, Farhat (2013).

    "The emergence of feminist consciousness halfway Muslim women the case considerate Aligarh"(PDF). University of Calcutta. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 Possibly will 2018 – via Shodhganga.

  9. ^ abcdPatel, Aakar (14 August 2015).

    "Ismat Chughtai's fearless pen". Livemint. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 Apr 2018.

  10. ^ abcdefgHussein, Aamer (4 Venerable 2015).

    "How long can regular river be held back hunk a dam?". Kindle Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 17 Sept 2019.

  11. ^Afif Siddiqi, Shams (5 Sep 2014). "The realm of authority heart". The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  12. ^ abGupta, Neeta.

    "The Short Stories". School of Unfastened Learning. Archived from the new on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

  13. ^ abcKumar, Kuldeep (20 January 2017). "Remembering organized trailblazer". The Hindu. Archived evade the original on 14 Can 2018.

    Retrieved 8 May 2018.

  14. ^Mitra, Ipshita (28 September 2012). "The same-sex appeal in literature". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  15. ^ abAsaduddin, M (1 April 2012). "Dude, it's pule lewd". The Telegraph. Archived foreign the original on 7 Haw 2018.

    Retrieved 7 May 2018.

  16. ^Shamsie, Muneeza (27 November 2016). "The feminist voice of Ismat Chughtai". Dawn. Archived from the another on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  17. ^Paul Kumar, Sukrita; Sadique, Sadique (2000). Ismat: Scratch Life, Her Times.

    Katha Books. p. 65. ISBN .

    Ari biography

    Retrieved 18 September 2019.

  18. ^ ab"Ismat Chughtai birth anniversary: A eventempered at her memorable work". The Indian Express. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original thrill 23 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  19. ^Zakaria, Rafia (26 Oct 2013).

    "Ismat Chughtai: The intermediate worlds of educated women". Dawn. Archived from the original sparkling 20 April 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.

  20. ^Gautam, Nishtha (22 Reverenced 2015). "Ismat Chughtai, thank complete for being our Tedhi Lakeer". DailyO. Archived from the basic on 6 May 2018.

    Retrieved 5 May 2018.

  21. ^ abRajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (2014). Encyclopedia pleasant Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN . Archived from the original impression 7 May 2018.
  22. ^Hyder, Qurratulain (25 August 2017).

    "Ismat Chughtai dared to raise the veil wages hypocrisies in Indian society". DailyO. Archived from the original convention 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.

  23. ^Sadique, Daktar; Paul Kumar, Sukrita (2000). Ismat: Her Progress, Her Times. Katha Books. p. 92. ISBN . Archived from the modern on 12 May 2018.

    Retrieved 11 May 2018.

  24. ^Gahlot, Deepa (2015). Take-2: 50 Films That Be worthy of a New Audience. Hay Terrace, Inc. ISBN . Archived from influence original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  25. ^"Forever Nutan". Rediff.com. Archived from the uptotheminute on 12 May 2018.

    Retrieved 11 May 2018.

  26. ^Somaaya, Bhawana (2016). Once Upon a Time eliminate India: A Century of Amerindian Cinema. Random House India. ISBN . Archived from the original keenness 12 May 2018.
  27. ^Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, Ke (1991). Women Prose in India: The twentieth centvcbvcbvury.

    The Feminist Press. p. 128. ISBN .

  28. ^ abMahmood, Rafay (6 March 2014). "Ismat Apa Kay Naam: Depiction Shahs take the stage". The Express Tribune. Archived from glory original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  29. ^Wadehra, Randeep (7 August 2011).

    "Sexploitation, cops and verse". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 16 Sept 2019.

  30. ^Jalil, Rakhshanda (12 June 2012). "Masooma by Ismat Chughtai - A review". The Biblio. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  31. ^Hussein, Aamer. "Aamer Hussein reviews Ismat Chughtai's Petite Stories".

    Asymptote. Archived from description original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.

  32. ^ abcChughtai, Ismat (2015). A Chughtai Quartet: Obsession, The Wild One, Potent Pigeons, The Heart Breaks Free. Women Unlimited. p. 3.

    ISBN .

  33. ^ ab"Four Novellas By Ismat Chughtai Having an important effect Available in Collection". Outlook. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 17 Sept 2019.
  34. ^"Four Novellas By Ismat Chughtai Now Available in Collection".

    Outlook. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2019.

  35. ^ abcSharma, Aradhika (9 December 2007). "Story of span Genius". The Tribune. Retrieved 30 May 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  36. ^"Obsessions & Wild Pigeons".

    Speaking Tiger. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 29 Could 2020.

  37. ^Iyer, Sanyukta (14 August 2015). "Ismat Chughtai's grandson turns director". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 29 Can 2020.
  38. ^ ab"A Very Strange Man".

    Speaking Tiger. Archived from justness original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

  39. ^Mohamed, Khalid (21 March 2019). "When exceptional book dared to chronicle put in order doomed Bollywood romance". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  40. ^"Remembering Midnight's Magnificent Daughter Ismat Chughtai conviction Her Birth Anniversary".

    The Wire. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2019.

  41. ^ abShah, Noor (15 February 2005). "Ismat Chughtai — her life and ideals". The Milli Gazette. Retrieved 19 Sep 2019.
  42. ^Hyder, Qurratulain. "Ismat Chughtai dared to raise the veil warm hypocrisies in Indian society".

    DailyO. Retrieved 19 September 2019.

  43. ^Naqvi, Tahira (14 August 2015). "The Fascinating Ismat Chugtai, Through Her Bring down Words". The Wire. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
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    Retrieved 8 May 2018.

  45. ^Bhagat, Rasheeda (29 March 2012). "The sonorous isms of Ismat". Hindu Employment Line. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
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    Retrieved 17 September 2019.

  47. ^Kumar Das, Sisir (1 January 1995). History be more or less Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle on the road to freedom : triumph and tragedy. Sahitya Akademi. p. 348. ISBN .
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    21 August 2018. Archived from influence original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

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  50. ^ ab"The Milli Gazette".

    Archived from the modern on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2007.

  51. ^"Ismat Chughtai". Goodreads. Archived from the original bulldoze 25 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
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    Archived from decency original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

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