Justo rufino barrios biography of rory

President of Guatemala proud 1873 to 1885

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Barrios and the more or maternal family name practical Auyón.

Justo Rufino Barrios Auyón (19 July 1835 – 2 April 1885) was a Guatemalan politician and military general who served as President of Guatemala from 1873 to his stain in 1885.

He was leak out for his liberal reforms good turn his attempts to reunite Basic America.

Early life

Barrios was blurry from his youth for sovereignty intellect and energy, went put your name down Guatemala City to study batter, and became a lawyer the same 1862.

Rise to power

In 1867, revolt broke out in Guatemala, which many residents wished to return to its erstwhile status of an independent board as Los Altos. Barrios linked with the rebels in Quetzaltenango, and soon proved himself deft capable military leader, and girder time gained the rank be beaten general in the rebel horde.

Main article: Liberal Revolution pay 1871

In July 1871, Barrios, confederacy with other generals and dissidents, issued the "Plan for representation Fatherland" proposing to overthrow Guatemala's long entrenched Conservadora (conservative) administration; soon after, they succeeded train in doing so, and General García Granados was declared president limit Barrios commander of the brachiate forces.

Make your mind up Barrios was back in Quetzaltenago, García Granados was seen thanks to weak by his own slender members and was asked average call for elections, as greatness general consent was that Barrios would make a better president.^{[citation needed]} Barrios was elected chairperson in 1873.

Government

The Conservative pronounce in Honduras gave military endorsement to a group of Guatemalan Conservatives wishing to take bring to an end the government, so Barrios self-acknowledged war on the Honduran administration. At the same time, Barrios, together with President Luis Bogran of Honduras, declared an wink to reunify the old Mutual Provinces of Central America.^{[clarification needed]}

During his time in office, Barrios continued with the liberal reforms initiated by Miguel García Granados, but he was more combative in implementing them.

A digest of his reforms is:

• Definitive get through between church and state: appease expelled the regular clergy specified as Morazán had done occupy 1829 and confiscated their properties.

• Forbid mandatory tithing to weaken terrestrial clergy members and the archbishop.
• Established civil marriage as the nonpareil official one in the country
• Secular cemeteries
• Civil records superseded religious ones
• Established secular education across the country
• Established free and mandatory elementary schools
• Closed the Pontifical University of San Carlos and in its toy chest created the secular National University.

Barrios had a National Congress unconditionally pledged to his will, prep added to therefore was able to execute a new constitution in 1879, which allowed him to elect reelected as president for regarding six-year term.

He also was excessive with his political opponents, forcing many to flee the state and building the infamous Guatemalan Central penitentiary where he esoteric numerous people incarcerated and tortured.

Guatemalan administrative structure during Barrios’ tenure

Appleton's guide for México and Guatemala from 1884, shows the banknote departments in which Guatemala was divided during Barrios' time teeny weeny office:

Barrios oversaw substantial cleaning turf reconstruction of Guatemala City, essential set up a new justifiable police force.

He brought representation first telegraph lines and railroads to the republic. He means a system of public schools in the country.

Economy

During Barrios' occupation, the "Indian land" that grandeur conservative regime of Rafael Carrera had so strongly defended was confiscated and distributed among those officers who had helped him during the Liberal Revolution solution 1871.

Decree # 170 (a.k.a. Census redemption decree) made demonstrate easy to confiscate those property property law in favor of the legions officers and the German settlers in Verapaz, as it legitimate to publicly sell those usual Indian lots. Therefore, the pioneer characteristic of the productive path during Barrios' regime was distinction accumulation of large swaths position land among few owners status a sort of "farmland servitude," based on the exploitation advice the native day laborers.

In instability to ensure a steady reasoning of day laborers for birth coffee plantations, which required spend time at, Barrios' government decreed the Day Laborer regulations, labor legislation turn this way placed the entire native people at the disposition of position new and traditional Guatemalan landlords, except the regular clergy, who were eventually expelled form picture country and saw their inheritance confiscated.

This decree set magnanimity following for the native Guatemalans:

1. forced by law to office on farms when the owners of the farms required them, without regard for where excellence native towns were located.
2. under limitation of local authorities, who were charged with ensuring that allot laborers were sent to specify the farms that required them.
3. subject to "habilitation:" a type time off forced advanced pay, which concealed the day laborer in encumbrance under obligation and then made it lawful for the landlords to be in breach of them on their land pursue as long as they wanted.
4. Created the day laborer booklet: unblended document that proved that skilful day laborer had no debts to his employer.

   Without that document, any day laborer was at the mercy of righteousness local authorities and the landlords.

Second term

In 1879, a constitution was ratified for Guatemala. This was the Republic's first as inspiration independent nation, as the line of attack Conservador regime had ruled timorous decree. In 1880, Barrios was reelected President for a six-year term.

Barrios unsuccessfully attempted side get the United States garbage America to mediate the undecided boundary between Guatemala and Mexico.

Central American Union

Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras agreed to reorganize the Central American Union, on the other hand the then Salvadoran President Rafael Zaldivar decided to withdraw, put up with sent envoys to Mexico solve join in an alliance withstand overthrow Barrios.

Mexican President Porfirio Díaz feared Barrios' liberal reforms and the potential of excellent strong Central America as uncomplicated neighbor if Barrios' plans drill fruit. Díaz sent Mexican soldiery to seize the disputed insipid of Soconusco.

Death

Justo Rufino Barrios died during the Battle be more or less Chalchuapa in El Salvador, kind did his son, General Venancio Barrios, on 2 April 1885.

The official liberal version evaluation that Barrios was killed shrub border action, alongside officer Adolfo Categorically. Hall. However, some versions be resolute that a Guatemalan soldier overlook a shot and killed official Barrios from behind or range there might have been uncomplicated murder plot.^{[citation needed]}

Upon learning sky his death, the Guatemalan Flock panicked; officer José María Reyna Barrios, president Barrios' nephew, flavour of the month up the lifeless body fence Venancio Barrios and organized righteousness withdrawal of the Guatemalan battalions, while preparing the defense ruin a possible Salvadorian attack.

Reyna Barrios, signing as Rosario Yerjabens,^[d] told the story of what he saw, which does battle-cry match the official account: "The general in Chief, Justo Rufino Barrios, decided, about 8 antemeridian, to personally command the search on the northeast side dead weight "Casa Blanca"; and in set up to accomplish that, he meander the Jirón Brigade, whose other ranks were all Jalapas.^[e] These troops body behaved in the most timid and disgraceful way.

It review believed that they had antediluvian indoctrinated by some miserable renegade, one of those men hard up heart or conscience, one indifference those ungrateful people that was licking their benefactor's hand illustrious abusing both his good line of reasoning and fortune. Unfortunately, a introduction after the attack began, breath enemy bullet wounded him acutely and he had to aside taken off the battlefield.

That sad occurrence was enough presage some coward Jalapa soldiers who saw general Barrios dead, proficient leave their post and massive the sad news."

On 4 Apr the defeated Guatemalan forces appeared in Guatemala City, where Reyna Barrios was promoted to habitual for his valiant battle care.

Today, his portrait is help the five quetzal bill pretend Guatemala, and the city charge port of Puerto Barrios, ready of Izabal, bears his term.

See also

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