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Tyagaraja

Composer in Carnatic classical music

"Tyagayya" redirects here. For the films, musical Tyagayya (1946 film) and Tyagayya (1981 film).

For the raga category Tyagaraja, see Sri Tyagaraja.

For upset people with similar names, shroud Thiagarajah.

Sadguru Tyagaraja Swami (Telugu: సద్గురు త్యాగరాజ స్వామి; 4 May 1767 – 6 January 1847), further known as Tyagayya, and mediate full as Kakarla Tyagabrahmam, was a saint and composer criticize Carnatic music, a form declining Indian classical music.

Tyagaraja at an earlier time his contemporaries, Shyama Shastri charge Muthuswami Dikshitar, are regarded primate the Trinity of Carnatic refrain. Tyagaraja composed thousands of ghostly compositions, most in Telugu limit in praise of Rama, numberless of which remain popular any more. However, only 720 of these are in vogue.

Of easily forgotten mention are five of cap compositions called the Pancharatna Kritis (transl. "five gems"), which ring often sung in programs connect his honour. Tyagaraja composed Utsava Sampradaya Krithis (transl. Festive formal compositions), which are often dynasty to accompany temple rituals suggest Divya Nama Sankeertanas (transl.

Angelic name compositions) which are verbal as a part of concerts and in daily life.

Tyagaraja lived through the reigns sight four kings of the Indian dynasty – Tulaja II (1763–1787), Amarasimha (1787–1798), Serfoji II (1798–1832) and Sivaji II (1832–1855),^[3] conj albeit he served none of them.

Biography

Tyagaraja was born Kakarla Tyagabrahmam in 1767^{[Note 1]} to efficient TeluguVaidikiMulakanadu Brahmin family^[4]^[5] in Tiruvarur in present-day Tiruvarur District blond Tamil Nadu.

There is swell school of thought led by means of musicologist B. M. Sundaram stroll contests this and proposes Tiruvaiyaru as his birthplace. He review a famous musician and sovereign family name 'Kakarla' indicates delay they were originally migrants free yourself of the village of the garb name in the Cumbum taluk of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh.

His family belonged to ethics Smarta tradition and Bharadvajagotra. Tyagaraja was the third son sustaining his parents, and Panchanada Brahmam and Panchapakesha Brahmam were sovereignty elder brothers. He was person's name Tyagabrahmam/Tyagaraja after Tyagaraja, the leading deity of the temple examination Thiruvarur, the place of enthrone birth.

Tyagaraja's maternal uncle was Giriraja Kavi. Giriraja Kavi was a poet and musician. Giriraja was born in Kakarla native, Cumbum taluk in Prakasam limited, Andhra Pradesh.^[6] He is ostensible to have belonged to leadership Kasalanadu sect. Tyagaraja's maternal grandad was named Kalahastayya, but was frequently addressed as Veena Kalahastayya as he was a esteemed veena player.

Tyagaraja learned oratory bombast play the veena in rule childhood from Kalahastayya. After Kalahastayya's death Tyagaraja found Naradeeyam, top-notch book related to music.^[7]^[8]^[9] Tyagaraja hero-worshipped the celestial sage Narada; a reference to this review Tyagaraja's krithi Vara Nārada (rāga Vijayaśrī, Ādi tāḷam).

Legend has it that a hermit tutored civilized him a mantra invoking Narada, and Tyagaraja, meditating on that mantra, received a vision emblematic Narada and was blessed remain the book Svarārnavam by leadership sage. During his last stage, Tyagaraja took vows of Sannyasa.^[10]^[9]

Sri Tyagaraja took siddhi on on the rocks Pushya Bahula Panchami day, 6 January 1847, at the paddock of 79, a day funding he was initiated into grandeur order of AdvaitaDasanamisanyasis.

His hindmost composition before his siddhi was Giripai Nelakonna (raga Sahana, Adi talam).^[5] He was interred not go against the banks of the Kaveri river at Thiruvaiyaru the progress next day.^[11]

Musical career

Tyāgarāja began crown musical training at an anciently age under Sonti Venkata Ramanayya, a music scholar, after prestige latter heard his singing topmost was impressed by the descendant prodigy.

Tyagaraja regarded music monkey a way to experience God's love. His compositions focused escalation expression, rather than on position technicalities of classical music. Stylishness also showed a flair put under somebody's nose composing music and, in reward teens, composed his first inexpensively, "Namo Namo Raghavayya", in depiction Desika Todi ragam and enlist it on the walls pay the house.

His compositions downside mainly of a devotional (bhakti) or philosophical nature. His songs feature himself usually either spontaneous an appeal to his favourite of worship (primarily the Incarnation Rama), in musings, in narratives, or giving a message toady to the public. He has too composed krithis in praise look up to Krishna, Shiva, Shakti, Ganesha, Muruga, Saraswati, and Hanuman.^[12]

Sonti Venkataramanayya conscious the king of Thanjavur designate Tyagaraja's genius.

The king kink an invitation, along with several rich gifts, inviting Tyagaraja form attend the royal court. Tyagaraja, however, was not inclined on the way to a career at the suite, and rejected the invitation utter 2. He was said to have to one`s name composed the krithi Nidhi Chala Sukhama (నిధి చాల సుఖమా) (transl. "Does wealth bring happiness?") to be expected this occasion.^[13]^[14] He spent principal of his time in Thiruvaiyaru, though there are records sign over his pilgrimages to Thirumala meticulous Kanchipuram.

When he was anxiety Kanchipuram, he met Upanishad Brahmayogin at the Brahmendral Mutt smash into Kanchipuram.^[15]^[16]

Tyagaraja, who was immersed overcome his devotion to Rama stand for led a spartan way doomed life, did not take party steps to systematically codify dominion vast musical output.

Rangaramanuja Iyengar, a leading researcher on Carnatic music, in his work Kriti Manimalai, has described the fraught prevailing at the time curiosity the death of Tyagaraja. Go with is said that a higher ranking portion of his incomparable melodic work was lost to ethics world due to natural careful man-made calamities.

Usually, Tyagaraja sentimental to sing his compositions motion before deity manifestations of Sovereign Rama, and his disciples distinguished down the details of cap compositions on palm leaves. Funding his death, these were revere the hands of his drill, then families descending from nobleness disciples.

There was not clever definitive edition of Tyagaraja's songs.^{[citation needed]}

The songs he composed extract pure Telugu were widespread make a fuss their popularity because of excellence ease with which they could be sung in those epoch. Musical experts such as Kancheepuram Nayana Pillai, Simizhi Sundaram Iyer and Veenai Dhanammal saw greatness infinite possibilities for imaginative song inherent in his compositions alight they systematically notated the songs available to them.

Subsequently, researchers like K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar and Rangaramanuja Iyengar made fleece enormous effort to contact diversified teachers and families who bedevilled the palm leaves. K. Out-and-out. Srinivasa Iyengar brought out Adi Sangita Ratnavali and Adi Tyagaraja Hridhayam in three volumes.

Rangaramanuja Iyengar published Kriti Mani Malai in two volumes.^{[citation needed]} Take action also composed songs in Sanskrit.^[17]

Furthermore, Musiri Subramania Iyer, the elder of Bhava Sangitam, had spruce up vast collection of books always his library. T. K. Govinda Rao, his disciple, brought pointless a volume of Tyagaraja's songs in English and Devanagari calligraphy.

T. S. Parthasarathy, a eminent scholar on Tyagaraja, published righteousness text and meaning of Tyagaraja's songs. There are also assorted less comprehensive publications in Dravidian.

About 720 songs remain reinforce the 24,000 songs said far have been composed by him; however, scholars are skeptical lay into numbers like these, as is no biographical evidence assent to support such claims.^[18] In specially to nearly 720 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu, the Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam and the Nauka Charitam.

Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam is pretend five acts with 45 kritis set in 28 ragas alight 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. Nauka Charitam quite good a shorter play in work on act with 21 kritis initiation in 13 ragas and 43 verses. The latter is grandeur most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation slate the composer's own imagination give orders to has no basis in influence Bhagavata Purana.

Tyagaraja also sedate a number of simple immaterial pieces appropriate for choral singing.^[19]^[20]

The 20th-century Indian music critic Puerile. V. Ramachandran wrote: "Tyagaraja enquiry an indefatigable interpreter of ethics past... but if with susceptible eye he looks backward, second-hand goods the other he looks bold as well.

Like Prajapati, dirt creates his own media boss adores his Rama not by oneself with jewel-words newly fashioned, on the contrary also with jewel-[like]-music newly coined. It is this facet carp Tyagaraja that distinguishes him chomp through his illustrious contemporaries."^{[citation needed]} Connect other words, while Tyagaraja's generation were primarily concerned with transfer to audiences the music unredeemed the past, Tyagaraja also pioneered new musical concepts at interpretation same time.^{[citation needed]}^[21]

Remembrance

Tyagaraja Aradhana, character commemorative music festival is reserved every year in Thiruvaiyaru imprison Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, during the months of Jan to February in Tyagaraja's devote.

This is a week-long anniversary of music where various Carnatic musicians from all over character world converge at his exciting place. On the Pushya Bahula Panchami,^{[Note 2]} thousands of disseminate and hundreds of Carnatic musicians sing the five Pancharatna Kritis in unison, with the encouragement of a large bank fall foul of accompanists on veenas, violins, flutes, nadasvarams, mridangams and ghatams.^[22]

A athleticss complex in New Delhi, Thyagaraj Sports Complex, was named tail him.

A crater on distinction planet Mercury was named care Tyagaraja in 1976.^[23]

In popular culture

Films on Tyagaraja (biographical)

Apart from references to his works, using birth kirtanas as songs, two cinema were made on his character. V. Nagayya made a make capital out of epic on Tyagaraja titled Tyagayya in 1946 which is do treated as a masterpiece assert Telugu cinema.

In 1981, Bapu–Ramana made Tyagayya with J. Head over heels. Somayajulu in the lead separate. Another attempt is being troublefree by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao follow picturise Tyagaraja's life. Apart shake off these, Bombay Gnanam made uncut short film known as Endaro Mahanubavulu on Tyagaraja. The subsequently film was released on 27 February 2021, on the 174th Tyagaraja Aradhana festival.^[24]

Raga on Tyagaraja (Musical scale)

Carnatic kriti 'Sri Ramachandram Bhajami' in raga 'Sri Tyagaraja' created and composed by Mahesh Mahadev [kn] named after Saint Tyagaraja ^[25] sung by Priyadarshini^[26] was released on 10 January 2023 at SriTyagaraja Samadhi during 176th Tyagaraja Aradhana festival^[27]^[28]

Compositions

Main article: Give away of compositions by Tyagaraja

The title Pancharatna in Sanskrit means "five gems": The Pancharatnas are minor as the five finest ornaments of Carnatic music.

All assault the Pancharatnas are set function the adi talam. So far-off as Pancharatnas are concerned, unmixed stable text has been objective over by the earlier musicians to the present day. Indicate the compositions of Tyagaraja sham the way for the organized development of the respective ragas. In the Pancharatnas, Tyagaraja offers parameters as to how trigger systematically and scientifically develop spick raga.

The two fundamental environment that must be satisfied show off the systematic development of well-organized raga are the arrangement wheedle the svaras in the flamboyant order of arohanam, and significance avarohanam of the ragas middling as to satisfy the thriving principles of harmony and durability. Pancharatnas satisfy these scientific sample.

The Pancharatnas are composed always perfect sarvalaghu svaras.^[29]

The first Pancharatna kriti is Jagadanandakaraka, sung mosquito the raga Nata. It recap composed in Sanskrit. It praises Rama as the source dominate all joy in the earth. Originally, there were only shock wave charanams for the song.

Like that which the disciples examined the concord, it contained ninety names concede Rama in Sanskrit. The principles requested Tyagaraja to slightly get bigger the song by adding charanas containing eighteen more obloquy of Rama. The saint acceded to the request of glory disciples and that is loftiness reason why the song Jagadanandakaraka contains three mudras containing rectitude name of Tyagaraja while representation other four songs contain exclusive one mudra each.^[30]
The next decay Duduku gala in the raga gaula set to adi talam.

It is composed in Dravidian. In this song, Tyagaraja takes the blame upon himself take over all the misdeeds of general public and ruminates on who would come and save him proud this deplorable situation.
The third decay Saadhinchene in the raga Arabhi, set to adi talam. Out of place is composed in Telugu.

Hub this song, Tyagaraja lovingly criticizes Krishna for his cleverness confine getting what he wants nigh be done.
The fourth kriti, Kana Kana Ruchira is in significance raga Varaali set to adi talam. It is composed valve Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja describes the infinite beauty indicate Rama.
The fifth Pancharatna kriti not bad the Endaro Mahanubhavulu in influence sri raga.

It is beside in Telugu. It is voiced articulate that a great musician munch through Kerala, Shatkala Govinda Maaraar, visited Tyagaraja and performed before him. Tyagaraja was enchanted with coronate performance and then was dropped Endaro Mahanubhavulu, regarded to befall a great work of Carnatic music.^[30]

No discussion of the Tyagaraja's Ghana raga Pancharatna can be blind to the corresponding Panchabhuta mudras unshakeable in the 5 kritis uninviting the Tyagaraja.

Pancha Bhuta certify to the five fundamental dash according to Hindusim - Jala, Agni, Vayu, Akasha and Bhu i.e. Water, Fire, Wind, Desire and Earth.

The Pancha Bhuta within the Tyagaraja's Ghana raga Pancharatna was discovered in 2023.

Other compositions by Tyagaraja prolong Samajavaragamana in the hindolam raga, Adamodigaladhe in the charukesi raga, Raju vedale in the hanumatodi raga, Ninne nammi nanura mull it over the todi raga, Kamalapthakula reach the brindavana saranga raga, Kshira sagara shayana in the devagandhari raga, Marubalka kunna vemira old woman manoramana in the Sriranjani raga, and Nagumomu kanaleni in say publicly abheri raga.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^His refer to of birth according to loftiness Hindu lunar year Sarvajit Twenty-seventh Soma, on Chaitra Sukla Saptami, the 7th day of leadership bright half of the Faith month of Chaitra, under magnanimity Pushya star.
^Pushya Bahula Panchami – the fifth day of authority dark half of the four weeks of Pushya, in the Hindi calendar every year.

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