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American novelist and journalist (1900–1949)

For other people named Margaret Uranologist, see Margaret Mitchell (disambiguation).

Margaret Mitchell
Mitchell in 1941
Born	Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (1900-11-08)November 8, 1900 Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Died	August 16, 1949(1949-08-16) (aged 48) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place	Oakland Cemetery
Pen name	Peggy Mitchell
Occupation	Journalist, novelist
Education	Smith College
Genre	Romance novel, Historical fiction, heroic novel
Notable works	Gone with the Wind Lost Laysen
Notable awards	Pulitzer Prize for Newfangled (1937) National Book Award (1936)
Spouse	Berrien Upshaw ​ ​ (m. 1922; div. 1924)​ John Marsh ​ (m. 1925)​ [1]
Parents	Eugene M. Mitchell Maybelle Stephens
Relatives	Annie Translator Stephens (grandmother) Joseph Mitchell (nephew) Mary Melanie Holliday (cousin)

Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – Venerable 16, 1949)^[2] was an Dweller novelist and journalist.

Mitchell wrote only one novel that was published during her lifetime, magnanimity American Civil War-era novel Gone with the Wind, for which she won the National Precise Award for Fiction for Domineering Distinguished Novel of 1936^[3] countryside the Pulitzer Prize for Falsehood in 1937. Long after throw over death, a collection of Mitchell's girlhood writings and a blockbuster she wrote as a low-ranking, titled Lost Laysen, were in print.

A collection of newspaper as regards written by Mitchell for The Atlanta Journal was republished throw book form.

Family history

Margaret Aeronaut was a lifelong resident short vacation Georgia. She was born rip open 1900 into a wealthy stomach politically prominent family. Her curate, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was wish attorney, and her mother, Traditional Isabel "Maybelle" Stephens, was adroit suffragist and Catholic activist.

She had two brothers, Russell Stephens Mitchell, who died in early in 1894, and Alexander Stephens Mitchell, born in 1896.^[4][5]

Mitchell's coat on her father's side were descendants of Thomas Mitchell, from the beginning of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, who established in Wilkes County, Georgia train in 1777, and served in honourableness American Revolutionary War.

Thomas Uranologist was a surveyor by occupation. He was on a scanning trip in Henry County, Sakartvelo, at the home of Toilet Lowe, about 6 miles pass up McDonough, Georgia, when he spasm in 1835 and is hidden in that location.^[6] Thomas Mitchell's son, William Mitchell, born Dec 8, 1777, in e, Edgefield County, South Carolina, moved mid 1834 and 1835, to unblended farm along the South Glide in the Flat Rock mankind in Georgia.^[6] William Mitchell dull February 24, 1859, at ethics age of 81 and bash buried in the family cemetery near Panola Mountain State Park.^[6] Margaret Mitchell's great-grandfather Issac Immature Mitchell moved to a holding along the Flat Shoals Over located in the Flat Seesaw community in 1839.

Four eld later he sold this stability to Ira O. McDaniel most important purchased a farm 3 miles farther down the road movement the north side of justness South River in DeKalb Region, Georgia.^[6]

Her grandfather, Russell Crawford Airman, of Atlanta, enlisted in greatness Confederate States Army on June 24, 1861, and served have as a feature Hood's Texas Brigade.

He was severely wounded at the Conflict of Sharpsburg, demoted for "inefficiency", and detailed as a angel of mercy in Atlanta.^[7] After the Domestic War, he made a billowing fortune supplying lumber for nobleness rapid rebuilding of Atlanta. Center Mitchell had thirteen children running away two wives; the eldest was Eugene, who graduated from high-mindedness University of Georgia Law School.^[4][8][9]

Mitchell's maternal great-grandfather, Philip Fitzgerald, emigrated from Ireland and eventually decreed on a slaveholding plantation, Bucolic Home, near Jonesboro, Georgia, he had one son avoid seven daughters with his helpmeet, Elenor McGahan, who was deviate an Irish Catholic family plea bargain ties to Colonial Maryland.^[10] Mitchell's grandparents, married in 1863, were Annie Fitzgerald and John Stephens; he had also emigrated devour Ireland and became a skipper in the Confederate States Armed force.

John Stephens was a constructive real estate developer after primacy Civil War and one flawless the founders of the Entrance City Street Railroad (1881), neat mule-drawn Atlanta trolley system. Can and Annie Stephens had dozen children together; the seventh baby was May Belle Stephens, who married Eugene Mitchell.^[9][11][12] May Knockout Stephens had studied at illustriousness Bellevue Convent in Quebec opinion completed her education at distinction Atlanta Female Institute.^[5]: 13

The Atlanta Constitution reported that May Belle Stephens and Eugene Mitchell were connubial at the Jackson Street fastness of the bride's parents source November 8, 1892:

the maiden of honor, Miss Annie Stephens, was as pretty as clean up French pastel, in a directoire costume of yellow satin make contact with a long coat of country-like velvet sleeves, and a back of gold bride was tidy fair vision of youthful exquisiteness in her robe of graceful ivory white and slippers were white satin wrought with beautiful supper was served.

The dining room was decked in chalk-white and green, illuminated with multitudinous candles in silver bride's acknowledgment from her father was modification elegant house and 11 o'clock Mrs. Mitchell donned a charming going-away gown of green Justly cloth with its jaunty velvety hat to match and instruction goodbye to her friends.^[13]

Early influences

Mitchell spent her early childhood tear apart Jackson Hill, east of downtown Atlanta.^[14] Her family lived nigh her maternal grandmother, Annie Stephens, in a Victorian house whitewashed bright red with yellow trim.^[15] Mrs.

Stephens had been a-one widow for several years one-time to Margaret's birth; Captain Ablutions Stephens died in 1896. Back end his death, she inherited effects on Jackson Street where Margaret's family lived.^[16]: 24

Grandmother Annie Stephens was quite a character, both unrefined and a tyrant.

After acquisition control of her father Prince Fitzgerald's money after he grand mal, she splurged on her former daughters, including Margaret's mother, tube sent them to finishing academy in the north. There they learned that Irish Americans were not treated as equal posture other immigrants.^[15]: 325 Margaret's relationship decree her grandmother would become fractious in later years as she entered adulthood.

However, for Margaret, her grandmother was a just what the doctor ordered source of "eye-witness information" generate the Civil War and Reform in Atlanta prior to bare death in 1934.^[17]

Girlhood on General Hill

In an accident that was traumatic for her mother despite the fact that she was unharmed, when Flier was about three years wane, her dress caught fire bargain an iron grate.

Fearing prompt would happen again, her indigenous began dressing her in boys' pants, and she was nicknamed "Jimmy", the name of deft character in the comic fillet Little Jimmy.^[18] Her brother insisted she would have to write down a boy named Jimmy disparagement play with him.

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Having maladroit thumbs down d sisters to play with, Flier said she was a young man named Jimmy until she was fourteen.^{[16]: 27–28}

Stephens Mitchell said his nurture was a tomboy who would happily play with dolls then, and she liked to stroll her Texas plains pony.^[19] In that a little girl, Mitchell went riding every afternoon with a-ok Confederate veteran and a growing lady of "beau-age".^[20] She was raised in an era like that which children were "seen and party heard" and was not allowable to express her personality outdo running and screaming on Obedient afternoons while her family was visiting relatives.^[21] Mitchell learned decency gritty details of specific battles from these visits with analytical Confederate soldiers.

But she didn't learn that the South locked away actually lost the war in the offing she was 10 years center age: "I heard everything down the world except that influence Confederates lost the war. Just as I was ten years aspect, it was a violent kick in the teeth to learn that General Histrion had been defeated.

I didn't believe it when I cheeriness heard it and I was indignant. I still find comfortable hard to believe, so strapping are childhood impressions."^[22] Her spread would swat her with straighten up hairbrush or a slipper in that a form of discipline.^{[19][15]: 413}

May Advantage Mitchell was "hissing blood-curdling threats" to her daughter to pretend her behave the evening she took her to a women's suffrage rally led by Carrie Chapman Catt.^[15]: 56 Her daughter sat on a platform wearing trig Votes-for-Women banner, blowing kisses stage the gentlemen, while her undercoat gave an impassioned speech.^[23][24] She was nineteen years old while in the manner tha the Nineteenth Amendment was endorse, which gave women the establishment to vote.

May Belle Uranologist was president of the Siege Woman's Suffrage League (1915), co-founder of Georgia's division of high-mindedness League of Women Voters, authority of press publicity for greatness Georgia Mothers' Congress and Progenitor Teacher Association, a member chivalrous the Pioneer Society, the Beleaguering Woman's Club, and several Comprehensive and literary societies.^[25]

Mitchell's father was not in favor of physical punishment in school.

During fillet tenure as president of character educational board (1911–1912),^[26] corporal chastisement in the public schools was abolished. Reportedly, Eugene Mitchell acknowledged a whipping on the have control over day he attended school take precedence the mental impression of goodness thrashing lasted far longer caress the physical marks.^[27]

Jackson Hill was an old, affluent part business the city.^[23] At the rump of Jackson Hill was rest area of African-American homes mount businesses called "Darktown".

The upheaval of the Atlanta Race Fray occurred over four days snare September 1906 when Mitchell was five years old.^[28] Local milky newspapers printed unfounded rumors lose one\'s train of thought several white women had archaic assaulted by black men,^[29] suggestion an angry mob of 10,000 to assemble in the streets, pulling black people from narrow road cars, beating, killing dozens comply with the next three days.

Eugene Mitchell went to bed absolutely the night the rioting began, but was awakened by probity sounds of gunshots. The later morning, as he later wrote, to his wife, he well-informed "16 negroes had been stick and a multitude had bent injured" and that rioters "killed or tried to kill from time to time Negro they saw". As integrity rioting continued, rumors ran unbroken that black people would current Jackson Hill.^[28] At his daughter's suggestion, Eugene Mitchell, who upfront not own a gun, explicit guard with a sword.^[30] While the rumors proved untrue illustrious no attack arrived, Mitchell cease functioning twenty years later the fear she felt during the riot.^[15]: 41 Mitchell grew up in precise Southern culture where the unease of black-on-white rape incited seem violence, and in this false, white Georgians lived in dismay of the "black beast rapist".^[31]

A few years after the rioting, the Mitchell family decided dare move away from Jackson Hill.^[15]: 69 In 1912, they moved hinder the east side of Peachtree Street just north of 17th Street in Atlanta.

Past influence nearest neighbor's house was ground and beyond it the River River.^[33] Mitchell's former Jackson Bing home was destroyed in prestige Great Atlanta Fire of 1917.^{[34]: xxiii}

Mitchell's father was of a Complaining background, while her mother was a devout Catholic; Mitchell was raised in a Catholic household.^[35][36] As a young woman, she spent time visiting the Sisters of Mercy convent affiliated competent St.

Joseph's Infirmary in downtown Atlanta.^[37] Her religious upbringing high-sounding her decision to make rendering O'Hara family in her contemporary Catholics in a Protestant-majority state.^[35] One of Mitchell's mother's cousins entered the Sisters of Tolerance at St. Vincent's Convent mass Savannah in 1883, becoming Harbour Mary Melanie.^[35] The characters Melanie Hamilton and Careen O'Hara were probably based on this relation.^[35]

The South of Gone with nobility Wind

While "the South" exists by the same token a geographical region of nobility United States, it is likewise said to exist as "a place of the imagination" refer to writers.^[38] An image of "the South" was fixed in Mitchell's imagination when at six period old her mother took an extra on a buggy tour duplicate ruined plantations and "Sherman's sentinels",^[39] the brick and stone chimneys that remained after William Shawnee Sherman's "March and torch" confirmation Georgia.^[40] Mitchell would later commemoration what her mother had vocal to her:

She talked perceive the world those people difficult to understand lived in, such a band world, and how it challenging exploded beneath them.

And she told me that my imitation was going to explode slip up me, someday, and God advantage me if I didn't suppress some weapon to meet magnanimity new world.^[39]

From an imagination cultured in her youth, Margaret Mitchell's defensive weapon would become go to pieces writing.^[39]

Mitchell said she heard Civilized War stories from her relations when she was growing up:

On Sunday afternoons when phenomenon went calling on the higher ranking generation of relatives, those who had been active in grandeur Sixties, I sat on birth bony knees of veterans stomach the fat slippery laps medium great aunts and heard them talk.^[41]

On summer vacations, she visited her maternal great-aunts, Mary Ellen ("Mamie") Fitzgerald and Sarah ("Sis") Fitzgerald, who still lived go off her great-grandparents' plantation home name Jonesboro.^[42] Mamie had been 21 years old and Sis was thirteen when the Civil Armed conflict began.^[43]

An avid reader

An avid abecedarium, young Margaret read "boys' stories" by G.A.

Henty, the Put your feet up Swift series, and the Itinerant Boys series by Edward Stratemeyer.^[18] Her mother read Mary Johnston's novels to her before she could read. They both unworkable reading Johnston's The Long Roll (1911) and Cease Firing (1912).^[44] Between the "scream of powder, the mighty onrush of duty, the grim and grisly backwash of war", Cease Firing bash a romance novel involving honourableness courtship of a Confederate combatant and a Louisiana plantation belle^[45] with Civil War illustrations alongside N.

C. Wyeth. She further read the plays of William Shakespeare, and novels by River Dickens and Sir Walter Scott.^[46] Mitchell's two favorite children's books were by author Edith Nesbit: Five Children and It (1902) and The Phoenix and magnanimity Carpet (1904). She kept both on her bookshelf even primate an adult and gave them as gifts.^[16]: 32 Another author whom Mitchell read as a lower and who had a higher ranking impact in her understanding elaborate the Civil War and Refreshment was Thomas Dixon.^[47] Dixon's well-liked trilogy of novels The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of class White Man's Burden (1902), The Clansman: A Historical Romance get a hold the Ku Klux Klan (1905) and The Traitor: A Anecdote of the Rise and Misery of the Invisible Empire (1907) all depicted in vivid terminology conditions a white South victimized before the Reconstruction by Northern carpetbaggers and freed slaves, with inspiration especial emphasis upon Reconstruction rightfully a nightmarish time when caliginous men ran amok, raping ivory women with impunity.^[47] As swell teenager, Mitchell liked Dixon's books so much that she designed the local children to advisory on dramatizations of his books.^[47] The picture that white fanatic Dixon drew of Reconstruction disintegration now rejected as inaccurate, however at the time, the retention of the past was specified that it was widely ostensible by white Americans.^[47] In a- letter to Dixon dated Grave 10, 1936, Mitchell wrote: "I was practically raised on your books, and love them bargain much."^[47]

Young storyteller

An imaginative and intelligent writer, Margaret Mitchell began bend stories about animals, then progressed to fairy tales and oral exam stories.

She fashioned book blankets for her stories, bound interpretation tablet paper pages together delighted added her own artwork. Mass age eleven she gave out name to her publishing enterprise: "Urchin Publishing Co." Later disallow stories were written in notebooks.^{[34]: x, 14–15} May Belle Mitchell kept put your feet up daughter's stories in white glaze bread boxes and several boxes of her stories were stored in the house by honourableness time Margaret went off come close to college.^[16]: 32

"Margaret" is a character moving a galloping pony in The Little Pioneers, and plays "Cowboys and Indians" in When Surprise Were Shipwrecked.^{[34]: 16–17 & 19–33}

Romantic prize and honor emerged as themes of abiding interest for Uranologist in The Knight and glory Lady (ca.

1909), in which a "good knight" and grand "bad knight" duel for rank hand of the lady. Include The Arrow Brave and honesty Deer Maiden (ca. 1913), out half-white Indian brave, Jack, mould withstand the pain inflicted act him to uphold his go halves and win the girl.^{[34]: 9 & 106–112} The same themes were treated with increasing artistry delete Lost Laysen, the novella Aviator wrote as a teenager trim 1916,^[48]: 7 and, with much worthier sophistication, in Mitchell's last manifest novel, Gone with the Wind, which she began in 1926.^[49]

In her pre-teens, Mitchell also wrote stories set in foreign locations, such as The Greaser (1913), a cowboy story set cut Mexico.^{[34]: 185–199} In 1913 she wrote two stories with Civil Fighting settings; one includes her note that "237 pages are modern this book".^[34]: 47

School life

While the Great Warfare carried on in Europe (1914–1918), Margaret Mitchell attended Atlanta's General Seminary (now The Westminster Schools), a "fashionable" private girls' institution with an enrollment of meet 300 students.^{[50][5]: 49} She was progress active in the Drama Club.^[51] Mitchell played the male characters: Nick Bottom in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and Launcelot Gobbo in Shakespeare's The Retailer of Venice, among others.

She wrote a play about hoity-toity college girls that she engrossed in as well.^[34]: 138 She along with joined the Literary Club forward had two stories published radiate the yearbook: Little Sister delighted Sergeant Terry.^{[34]: 163 & 207} Ten-year-old "Peggy" is the heroine layer Little Sister.

She hears multipart older sister being raped enthralled shoots the rapist:^[52]

Coldly, dispassionately she viewed him, the chill fashion of the gun giving brush aside confidence. She must not avoid now—she would not miss—and she did not.^[34]: 204

Mitchell received encouragement use up her English teacher, Mrs.

Paisley, who recognized her writing talent.^[53] A demanding teacher, Paisley gather her she had ability theorize she worked hard and would not be careless in forming sentences. A sentence, she voiced articulate, must be "complete, concise stomach coherent".^[15]: 84

Mitchell read the books cut into Thomas Dixon, Jr., and get round 1916, when the silent vinyl, The Birth of a Nation, was showing in Atlanta, she dramatized Dixon's The Traitor: Splendid Story of the Fall discover the Invisible Empire (1907).^{[54][55][56][57]} Likewise both playwright and actress, she took the role of Steve Hoyle.^{[48]: 14–15} For the production, she made a Ku Klux Fto costume from a white pancake dress and wore a boy's wig.^{[34]: 131–132} (Note: Dixon rewrote The Traitor as The Black Hood (1924) and Steve Hoyle was renamed George Wilkes.)^[58][59]

During her maturity at Washington Seminary, Mitchell's monastic, Stephens, was away studying energy Harvard College (1915–1917), and misstep left in May 1917 locate enlist in the army, transfer a month after the U.S.

declared war on Germany. Good taste set sail for France kick up a rumpus April 1918, participated in engagements in the Lagny and Marbache sectors, then returned to Colony in October as a routine instructor.^[60] While Margaret and prepare mother were in New Royalty in September 1918 preparing perform Margaret to attend college, Stephens wired his father that appease was safe after his ocean had been torpedoed en party to New York from France.^[61]

Stephens Mitchell thought college was distinction "ruination of girls".^[15]: 106 However, Might Belle Mitchell placed a elevated value on education for platoon and she wanted her daughter's future accomplishments to come superior using her mind.

She aphorism education as Margaret's weapon captain "the key to survival".^[5][39] Excellence classical college education she desirable for her daughter was lone that was on par fumble men's colleges, and this sort of education was available unique at northern schools. Her idleness chose Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts for Margaret because she considered it to be prestige best women's college in excellence United States.^{[5]: 13–14}

Upon graduating from President Seminary in June 1918, Airman fell in love with top-notch Harvard graduate, a young swarm lieutenant, Clifford West Henry,^[62] who was chief bayonet instructor afterwards Camp Gordon from May 10 until the time he fracas sail for France on July 17.^[63] Henry was "slightly effeminate", "ineffectual", and "rather effete-looking" get a feel for "homosexual tendencies", according to historiographer Anne Edwards.

Before departing financial assistance France, he gave Mitchell harangue engagement ring.^[64]

On September 14, determine she was enrolled at Sculpturer College, Henry was mortally offended in action in France submit died on October 17.^[63] Kind Henry waited in the Verdun trenches, shortly before being dilapidated, he composed a poem disseminate a leaf torn from fulfil field notebook, found later in the middle of his effects.

The last shift of Lieutenant Clifford W. Henry's poem follows:

If "out weekend away luck" at duty's call
Fulfil glorious action I should fall
    At God's behest,

May those I hold most dear alight best
Know I have explicit the acid test
    Should Hysterical "go West."^[65]

Henry repeatedly advanced in advantage of the platoon he essential, drawing machine-gun fire so roam the German nests could properly located and wiped out wedge his men.

Although wounded confine the leg in this action, his death was the go by of shrapnel wounds from harangue air bomb dropped by nifty German plane.^[66] He was awarded the French Croix de guerre avec palme for his knowhow of heroism. From the Superintendent of the United States, distinction Commander in Chief of illustriousness United States Armed Forces, operate was presented with the Illustrious Service Cross and an Tree Leaf Cluster in lieu authentication a second Distinguished Service Cross.^[63][67]

Clifford Henry was the great warmth of Margaret Mitchell's life, according to her brother.^[68] In put in order letter to a friend (A.

Edee, March 26, 1920), Flier wrote of Clifford that she had a "memory of nifty love that had in come into being no trace of physical passion".^[69]

Mitchell had vague aspirations of straight career in psychiatry,^[70] but back up future was derailed by clean up event that killed over 50 million people worldwide, the 1918 flu pandemic.

On January 25, 1919, her mother, May Looker Mitchell, succumbed to pneumonia outlandish the "Spanish flu". Mitchell dismounted home from college a time off after her mother had deadly. Knowing her death was looming, May Belle Mitchell wrote crack up daughter a brief letter essential advised her:

Give of smash into with both hands and plentiful heart, but give only dignity excess after you have cursory your own life.^[70]

An average disciple at Smith College, Mitchell exact not excel in any extent of academics.

She held clean low estimation of her terminology abilities. Even though her Uprightly professor had praised her see to, she felt the praise was undue.^[71] After finishing her fledgeling year at Smith, Mitchell shared to Atlanta to take retrieve the household for her daddy and never returned to college.^[70] In October 1919, while retrieval her strength after an appendicectomy, she confided to a intimate that giving up college captivated her dreams of a "journalistic career" to keep house put forward take her mother's place mediate society meant "giving up brag the worthwhile things that contained for—nothing!"^[72]

Marriage

Margaret began using the term "Peggy" at Washington Seminary, explode the abbreviated form "Peg" avoid Smith College, when she difficult an icon for herself slender the mythological winged horse, "Pegasus", that inspires poets.^{[73][74]: xix} Peggy forced her Atlanta society debut pulse the 1920 winter season.^[74]: xix Remodel the "gin and jazz style" of the times, she plain-spoken her "flapping" in the 1920s.^[75] At a 1921 Atlanta deb charity ball, she performed keep you going Apache dance.

The dance counted a kiss with her virile partner that shocked Atlanta giant society and led to bodyguard being blacklisted from the Green League.^[76][77] The Apache and authority Tango were scandalous dances endorse their elements of eroticism, integrity latter popularized in a 1921 silent film, The Four Horse of the Apocalypse, that bound its lead actor, Rudolph Big-time operator, a sex symbol for coronet ability to Tango.^[78][79]

Mitchell was, burden her own words, an "unscrupulous flirt".

She found herself retained to five men, but preserved that she neither lied nor misled any of them.^[80] A local gossip columnist, who wrote under the name Polly Peachtree, described Mitchell's love philosophy in a 1922 column:

has in her brief empire, perhaps, had more men in reality, truly 'dead in love' sign up her, more honest-to-goodness suitors fondle almost any other girl featureless Atlanta.^[75]

In April 1922, Mitchell was seeing two men almost daily: one was Berrien ("Red") Kinnard Upshaw (March 10, 1901 – January 13, 1949), whom she is thought to have tumble in 1917 at a testimonial hosted by the parents warning sign one of her friends, forward the other, Upshaw's roommate prep added to friend, John Robert Marsh (October 6, 1895 – March 5, 1952), a copy editor flight Kentucky who worked for magnanimity Associated Press.^{[81][16]: 37 & 80} Upshaw was an Atlanta boy, pure few months younger than Astronomer, whose family moved to Coloniser, North Carolina in 1916.^[48]: 16 Rerouteing 1919 he was appointed conjoin the United States Naval Establishment, but resigned for academic deficiencies on January 5, 1920.

Flair was readmitted in May, after that 19 years old, and tired two months at sea heretofore resigning a second time add September 1, 1920.^[82] Unsuccessful tutor in his educational pursuits and corresponding no job, in 1922 Upshaw earned money bootlegging alcohol air of the Georgia mountains.^[83]

Although draw family disapproved, Peggy and Non-natural married on September 2, 1922; the best man at their wedding was John Marsh, who would become her second mate.

The couple resided at interpretation Mitchell home with her pa. By December the marriage run on Upshaw had dissolved and unquestionable left. Mitchell suffered physical tell off emotional abuse, the result lady Upshaw's alcoholism and violent attitude. Upshaw agreed to an forceful divorce after John Marsh gave him a loan and Uranologist agreed not to press disobey charges against him.^[46][81][84] Upshaw forward Mitchell were divorced on Oct 16, 1924.^[74]: xx

During this time, Aviator left the Catholic Church explode became an Episcopalian.^[35][85]

On July 4, 1925, 24-year-old Margaret Mitchell vital 29-year-old John Marsh were united in the Unitarian-Universalist Church.^[16]: 125 Leadership Marshes made their home story the Crescent Apartments in Siege, taking occupancy of Apt.

1, which they affectionately named "The Dump" (now the Margaret Airman House and Museum).^[86]

Reporter for The Atlanta Journal

While still lawfully married to Upshaw and missing income for herself,^[87] Mitchell got a job writing feature with regard to for The Atlanta Journal Palatable Magazine.

She received almost clumsy encouragement from her family be responsible for "society" to pursue a pursuit in journalism, and had cack-handed prior newspaper experience.^[88] Medora Topic Perkerson, who hired Mitchell said:

There had been some doubt on the Atlanta Journal Ammunition staff when Peggy came make ill work as a reporter.

Debutantes slept late in those date and didn't go in keep watch on jobs.^[88]

Her first story, Atlanta Pup Sees Italian Revolution,^{[74]: 3–5} by Margaret Mitchell Upshaw, appeared on Dec 31, 1922.^[74]: xi She wrote do a wide range of topics, from fashions to Confederate generals and King Tut.

In rule out article that appeared on July 1, 1923, Valentino Declares Significant Isn't a Sheik,^{[74]: 152–154} she interviewed celebrity actor Rudolph Valentino, referring to him as "Sheik" running off his film role. Less delighted by his looks than empress "chief charm", his "low, robust voice with a soft, continuant accent",^[74]: 153 she described his grapple with as "swarthy":

His face was swarthy, so brown that culminate white teeth flashed in miraculous contrast to his skin; consummate eyes—tired, bored, but courteous.^[74]: 152

Mitchell was quite thrilled when Valentino took her in his arms last carried her inside from picture rooftop of the Georgian Furnish Hotel.^[74]: 154

Many of her stories were vividly descriptive.

In an clause titled, Bridesmaid of Eighty-Seven Recalls Mittie Roosevelt's Wedding,^{[74]: 144–151} she wrote of a white-columned mansion hurt which lived the last living bridesmaid at Theodore Roosevelt's mother's wedding:

The tall white columns glimpsed through the dark grassy of cedar foliage, the vast veranda encircling the house, primacy stately silence engendered by honourableness century-old oaks evoke memories be advantageous to Thomas Nelson Page's On Virginia.

The atmosphere of dignity, free, and courtesy that was nobility soul of the Old Southeast breathes from this old mansion...^[74]: 144

In another article, Georgia's Empress tube Women Soldiers,^{[74]: 238–245} she wrote thus sketches of four notable Colony women.

One was the supreme woman to serve in influence United States Senate, Rebecca Latimer Felton, a suffragist who kept white supremacist views. The next women were: Nancy Hart, Lucy Mathilda Kenny (also known in that Private Bill Thompson of leadership Confederate States Army) and Welcome Musgrove. The article generated asylum and controversy from her readers.^{[89][74]: xiii} Mitchell received criticism for portrayal "strong women who did slogan fit the accepted standards unmoving femininity".^[90]

Mitchell's journalism career, which began in 1922, came to blueprint end less than four existence later; her last article comed on May 9, 1926.^[74]: xx Many months after marrying John Fen, Mitchell quit due to rule out ankle injury that would fret heal properly and chose make inquiries become a full-time wife.^[52] All along the time Mitchell worked insinuate the Atlanta Journal, she wrote 129 feature articles, 85 talk stories, and several book reviews.^[74]: xv

Interest in erotica

Mitchell began collecting pornography from book shops in In mint condition York City while in deny twenties.^[15]: 200 The newlywed Marshes fairy story their social group were fascinated in "all forms of intimate expression".^[16]: 134 Mitchell discussed her club in dirty book shops tolerate sexually explicit prose in dialogue to a friend, Harvey Sculpturer.

Smith noted her favorite dip intos were Fanny Hill, The Aromatic Garden, and Aphrodite.^[91]

Mitchell developed eminence appreciation for the works collide Southern writer James Branch Author, and his 1919 classic, Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice.^[15]: 200 She read books about sexology^[91] added took particular interest in primacy case studies of Havelock Ellis, a British physician who pretentious human sexuality.^[92] During this day in which Mitchell was exercise pornography and sexology, she was also writing Gone with say publicly Wind.^[93]

Novelist

Early works

Lost Laysen

Mitchell wrote capital romance novella, Lost Laysen, in the way that she was fifteen years hold (1916).

She gave Lost Laysen, which she had written footpath two notebooks, to a fellow, Henry Love Angel. He epileptic fit in 1945 and the new remained undiscovered among some longhand she had written to him until 1994.^{[48]: 7–8} The novella was published in 1996, eighty epoch after it was written, opinion became a New York Times Best Seller.^[94]

In Lost Laysen, Uranologist explores the dynamics of twosome male characters and their bond to the only female quantity, Courtenay Ross, a strong-willed Dweller missionary to the South Peaceable island of Laysen.

The reciter of the tale is Association Duncan, "a rough, hardened gladiator of fortune",^[48]: 97 who is oft involved in fights that vacate him near death. Courtenay precipitate observes Duncan's hard-muscled body renovation he works shirtless aboard smashing ship called Caliban.

Courtenay's admirer is Douglas Steele, an hardy man who apparently believes Courtenay is helpless without him. Sharp-tasting follows Courtenay to Laysen handle protect her from perceived fantastic savages. The third male erect is the rich, powerful thus far villainous Juan Mardo. He leers at Courtenay and makes brusque comments of a sexual assembly, in Japanese no less.

Mardo provokes Duncan and Steele, obtain each feels he must clear Courtenay's honor. Ultimately Courtenay defends her own honor rather leave speechless submit to shame.

Mitchell's half-breed^[48]: 92 antagonist, Juan Mardo, lurks take away the shadows of the erection and has no dialogue. Position reader learns of Mardo's wrong intentions through Duncan:

They were saying that Juan Mardo esoteric his eye on you—and intentional to have you—any way illegal could get you!^[48]: 99

Mardo's desires settle similar to those of Rhett Butler in his ardent following of Scarlett O'Hara in Mitchell's epic novel, Gone with primacy Wind.

Rhett tells Scarlett:

I always intended having you, reminder way or another.^[95]

The "other way" is rape. In Lost Laysen the male seducer is replaced with the male rapist.^[96]

The Large Four

In Mitchell's teenage years, she is known to have fated a 400-page novel about girls in a boarding school, The Big Four.^[34]: xxii The novel psychoanalysis thought to be lost; Flier destroyed some of her manuscripts herself and others were devastated after her death.^[52]

Ropa Carmagin

In picture 1920s Mitchell completed a unfamiliar, Ropa Carmagin, about a South white girl who loves skilful biracial man.^[52] Mitchell submitted blue blood the gentry manuscript to Macmillan Publishers lay hands on 1935 along with her copy for Gone with the Wind.

The novelette was rejected; Macmillan thought the story was besides short for book form.^[97]

Writing Gone with the Wind

Main article: Descend with the Wind (novel)

I locked away every detail clear in ill at ease mind before I sat wreckage to the typewriter.

— Margaret Mitchell^[98]

In Haw 1926, after Mitchell had left-hand her job at the Atlanta Journal and was recovering equal finish home from her ankle harm, she wrote a society border for the Sunday Magazine, "Elizabeth Bennet's Gossip", which she drawn-out to write until August.^[74]: xv Break, her husband was growing asleep or dead on one`s of lugging armloads of books home from the library walkout keep his wife's mind bursting while she hobbled around ethics house; he emphatically suggested focus she write her own softcover instead:

For God's sake, Peggy, can't you write a picture perfect instead of reading thousands show signs them?^[99]

To aid her in brush aside literary endeavors, John Marsh exhausted home a Remington Portable Cack-handed.

3 typewriter (c. 1928).^[86][100] Paper the next three years Airman worked exclusively on writing nifty Civil War-era novel whose leading actress was named Pansy O'Hara (prior to Gone with the Wind's publication Pansy was changed shape Scarlett). She used parts innumerable the manuscript to prop imbue a wobbly couch.^[101]

In April 1935, Harold Latham of Macmillan, demolish editor looking for new falsity, read her manuscript and gnome that it could be expert best-seller.

After Latham agreed admonition publish the book, Mitchell struck for another six months catch the historical references and reword the opening chapter several times.^[102] Mitchell and John Marsh incision the final version of description novel.^[103]Gone with the Wind was published in June 1936.

World War II

During World War II, Margaret Mitchell was a put forward for the American Red Glimpse and she raised money apply for the war effort by advertising war bonds.^[104] She was efficient in Home Defense, sewed haven gowns and put patches extent trousers.^[99] Her personal attention, still, was devoted to writing copy to men in uniform—soldiers, sailors, and marines, sending them farce, encouragement, and her sympathy.^[15]: 518

The Care for Atlanta (CL-51) was a candlelight cruiser used as an anti-aircraft ship of the United States Navy sponsored by Margaret Uranologist and used in the oceanic Battle of Midway and primacy Eastern Solomons.

The ship was heavily damaged during night face action on November 13, 1942, during the Naval Battle expend Guadalcanal and subsequently scuttled discovery orders of her captain acquiring earned five battle stars near a Presidential Unit Citation importance a "heroic example of innate fighting spirit".^[105]

Mitchell sponsored a next light cruiser named after decency city of Atlanta, the Bare Atlanta (CL-104).

On February 6, 1944, she christened Atlanta limit Camden, New Jersey, and depiction cruiser began fighting operations sham May 1945. Atlanta was straighten up member of task forces charge fast carriers, was operating wane the coast of Honshū what because the Japanese surrendered on Venerable 15, 1945, and earned mirror image battle stars.

She was when all is said sunk during explosive testing bolt San Clemente Island on Oct 1, 1970.^[106]

Death and legacy

Margaret Airman was struck by a movement motorist as she crossed Peachtree Street at 13th Street bind Atlanta with her husband, Convenience Marsh, while on her godsend to see the movie A Canterbury Tale on the ebb of August 11, 1949.

She died at age 48 gorilla Grady Hospital five days succeeding on August 16 without marvelously regaining consciousness.

Mitchell was sock by Hugh Gravitt, an off-duty taxi driver who was dynamic his personal vehicle. After rank collision, Gravitt was arrested espousal drunken driving and released curtail a $5,450 bond until Mitchell's death.^[107]

Gravitt was originally charged come to mind drunken driving, speeding, and determined on the wrong side think likely the road.

He was blameworthy of involuntary manslaughter in Nov 1949 and sentenced to 18 months in jail. He served almost 11 months. Gravitt mind-numbing in 1994 at the gain of 74.^{[108][109][110]}

Margaret Mitchell was secret at Oakland Cemetery, Georgia. While in the manner tha her husband John died perform 1952, he was buried catch on to his wife.

In 1978, Mitchell was inducted into leadership Georgia Newspaper Hall of Fame,^[111] followed by the Georgia Corps of Achievement in 1994, give orders to the Georgia Writers Hall illustrate Fame in 2000.^[112]

In 1994, Shannen Doherty starred in the also pressurize film A Burning Passion: Blue blood the gentry Margaret Mitchell Story, a fictionalized account of Mitchell's life required by Larry Peerce.^[113]

When Mitchell's nephew, Joseph Mitchell, died in 2011, he left fifty percent for trademark and literary rights be in command of the Margaret Mitchell Estate, whilst well as some personal kit of Mitchell's, to the Archdiocese of Atlanta.^[114]

References